# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
# Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
#
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-05-01 04:39+0900\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
"Language: \n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"

#.  Copyright (C) 2011, Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
#.  Written by Stephen M. Cameron <scameron@beardog.cce.hp.com>
#.  Licensed under GNU General Public License version 2 (GPLv2)
#
#.  shorthand for double quote that works everywhere.
#. type: ds q
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:6 build/C/man4/hpsa.4:6
#, no-wrap
msgid "\\N'34'"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:7
#, no-wrap
msgid "CCISS"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:7 build/C/man4/hpsa.4:7
#, no-wrap
msgid "2011-09-21"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:7 build/C/man4/console.4:10 build/C/man4/console_codes.4:21 build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:39 build/C/man5/core.5:23 build/C/man4/cpuid.4:24 build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:26 build/C/man4/fd.4:27 build/C/man7/fifo.7:10 build/C/man4/full.4:26 build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:24 build/C/man4/hd.4:28 build/C/man4/hpsa.4:7 build/C/man4/initrd.4:34 build/C/man4/lp.4:26 build/C/man3/makedev.3:24 build/C/man4/mem.4:25 build/C/man2/mknod.2:13 build/C/man4/mouse.4:25 build/C/man4/msr.4:24 build/C/man4/null.4:25 build/C/man7/pipe.7:25 build/C/man4/ram.4:25 build/C/man4/random.4:17 build/C/man4/sd.4:24 build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:25 build/C/man4/st.4:23 build/C/man2/syslog.2:29 build/C/man3/syslog.3:34 build/C/man4/ttyS.4:25 build/C/man7/uri.7:47 build/C/man4/vcs.4:28 build/C/man4/wavelan.4:11
#, no-wrap
msgid "Linux"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:7 build/C/man4/console.4:10 build/C/man4/console_codes.4:21 build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:39 build/C/man5/core.5:23 build/C/man4/cpuid.4:24 build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:26 build/C/man4/fd.4:27 build/C/man7/fifo.7:10 build/C/man4/full.4:26 build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:24 build/C/man4/hd.4:28 build/C/man4/hpsa.4:7 build/C/man4/initrd.4:34 build/C/man4/lp.4:26 build/C/man3/makedev.3:24 build/C/man4/mem.4:25 build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:27 build/C/man2/mknod.2:13 build/C/man4/mouse.4:25 build/C/man4/msr.4:24 build/C/man4/null.4:25 build/C/man7/pipe.7:25 build/C/man4/ram.4:25 build/C/man4/random.4:17 build/C/man4/sd.4:24 build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:23 build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:25 build/C/man4/st.4:23 build/C/man3/stdarg.3:41 build/C/man2/syslog.2:29 build/C/man3/syslog.3:34 build/C/man4/ttyS.4:25 build/C/man7/uri.7:47 build/C/man4/vcs.4:28 build/C/man4/wavelan.4:11
#, no-wrap
msgid "Linux Programmer's Manual"
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:8 build/C/man4/console.4:11 build/C/man4/console_codes.4:22 build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:40 build/C/man5/core.5:24 build/C/man4/cpuid.4:25 build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:27 build/C/man4/fd.4:28 build/C/man7/fifo.7:11 build/C/man4/full.4:27 build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:25 build/C/man4/hd.4:29 build/C/man4/hpsa.4:8 build/C/man4/initrd.4:35 build/C/man4/lp.4:27 build/C/man3/makedev.3:25 build/C/man4/mem.4:26 build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:28 build/C/man2/mknod.2:14 build/C/man4/mouse.4:26 build/C/man4/msr.4:25 build/C/man4/null.4:26 build/C/man7/pipe.7:26 build/C/man4/ram.4:26 build/C/man4/random.4:18 build/C/man4/sd.4:25 build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:24 build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:26 build/C/man4/st.4:24 build/C/man3/stdarg.3:42 build/C/man2/syslog.2:30 build/C/man3/syslog.3:35 build/C/man4/ttyS.4:26 build/C/man7/uri.7:48 build/C/man4/vcs.4:29 build/C/man4/wavelan.4:12
#, no-wrap
msgid "NAME"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:10
msgid "cciss - HP Smart Array block driver"
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:10 build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:29 build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:27 build/C/man4/hpsa.4:10 build/C/man4/lp.4:29 build/C/man3/makedev.3:27 build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:30 build/C/man2/mknod.2:16 build/C/man4/sd.4:27 build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:26 build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:28 build/C/man4/st.4:26 build/C/man3/stdarg.3:44 build/C/man2/syslog.2:33 build/C/man3/syslog.3:37 build/C/man7/uri.7:50 build/C/man4/wavelan.4:14
#, no-wrap
msgid "SYNOPSIS"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:13
#, no-wrap
msgid "modprobe cciss [ cciss_allow_hpsa=1 ]\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:14 build/C/man4/console.4:13 build/C/man4/console_codes.4:24 build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:42 build/C/man5/core.5:26 build/C/man4/cpuid.4:27 build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:45 build/C/man4/fd.4:131 build/C/man7/fifo.7:13 build/C/man4/full.4:37 build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:35 build/C/man4/hd.4:31 build/C/man4/hpsa.4:14 build/C/man4/initrd.4:70 build/C/man4/lp.4:42 build/C/man3/makedev.3:38 build/C/man4/mem.4:28 build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:37 build/C/man2/mknod.2:38 build/C/man4/mouse.4:32 build/C/man4/msr.4:27 build/C/man4/null.4:28 build/C/man7/pipe.7:28 build/C/man4/ram.4:28 build/C/man4/random.4:20 build/C/man4/sd.4:69 build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:32 build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:60 build/C/man4/st.4:35 build/C/man3/stdarg.3:54 build/C/man2/syslog.2:44 build/C/man3/syslog.3:57 build/C/man4/ttyS.4:28 build/C/man7/uri.7:70 build/C/man4/vcs.4:31 build/C/man4/wavelan.4:16
#, no-wrap
msgid "DESCRIPTION"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:17
msgid "B<cciss> is a block driver for older HP Smart Array RAID controllers."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:17 build/C/man4/hpsa.4:17 build/C/man4/initrd.4:179
#, no-wrap
msgid "Options"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:26
msgid ""
"I<cciss_allow_hpsa=1>: This option prevents the B<cciss> driver from "
"attempting to drive any controllers that the B<hpsa>(4)  driver is capable "
"of controlling, which is to say, the B<cciss> driver is restricted by this "
"option to the following controllers:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:45
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    Smart Array 5300\n"
"    Smart Array 5i\n"
"    Smart Array 532\n"
"    Smart Array 5312\n"
"    Smart Array 641\n"
"    Smart Array 642\n"
"    Smart Array 6400\n"
"    Smart Array 6400 EM\n"
"    Smart Array 6i\n"
"    Smart Array P600\n"
"    Smart Array P400i\n"
"    Smart Array E200i\n"
"    Smart Array E200\n"
"    Smart Array E200i\n"
"    Smart Array E200i\n"
"    Smart Array E200i\n"
"    Smart Array E500\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:46 build/C/man4/hpsa.4:36
#, no-wrap
msgid "Supported Hardware"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:50
msgid "The B<cciss> driver supports the following Smart Array boards:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:76
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    Smart Array 5300\n"
"    Smart Array 5i\n"
"    Smart Array 532\n"
"    Smart Array 5312\n"
"    Smart Array 641\n"
"    Smart Array 642\n"
"    Smart Array 6400\n"
"    Smart Array 6400 U320 Expansion Module\n"
"    Smart Array 6i\n"
"    Smart Array P600\n"
"    Smart Array P800\n"
"    Smart Array E400\n"
"    Smart Array P400i\n"
"    Smart Array E200\n"
"    Smart Array E200i\n"
"    Smart Array E500\n"
"    Smart Array P700m\n"
"    Smart Array P212\n"
"    Smart Array P410\n"
"    Smart Array P410i\n"
"    Smart Array P411\n"
"    Smart Array P812\n"
"    Smart Array P712m\n"
"    Smart Array P711m\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:77 build/C/man4/hpsa.4:53
#, no-wrap
msgid "Configuration Details"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:86 build/C/man4/hpsa.4:61
msgid ""
"To configure HP Smart Array controllers, use the HP Array Configuration "
"Utility (either B<hpacuxe>(8)  or B<hpacucli>(8))  or the Offline ROM-based "
"Configuration Utility (ORCA)  run from the Smart Array's option ROM at boot "
"time."
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:86 build/C/man4/console.4:73 build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:109 build/C/man4/fd.4:194 build/C/man4/full.4:49 build/C/man4/hd.4:94 build/C/man4/hpsa.4:61 build/C/man4/initrd.4:417 build/C/man4/lp.4:113 build/C/man4/mem.4:75 build/C/man4/mouse.4:148 build/C/man4/null.4:45 build/C/man4/ram.4:38 build/C/man4/random.4:209 build/C/man4/sd.4:130 build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:578 build/C/man4/st.4:878 build/C/man4/ttyS.4:44 build/C/man4/vcs.4:80
#, no-wrap
msgid "FILES"
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:87 build/C/man4/hpsa.4:62
#, no-wrap
msgid "Device Nodes"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:89
msgid "The device naming scheme is as follows:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:92
#, no-wrap
msgid "Major numbers:\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:101
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    104     cciss0\n"
"    105     cciss1\n"
"    106     cciss2\n"
"    105     cciss3\n"
"    108     cciss4\n"
"    109     cciss5\n"
"    110     cciss6\n"
"    111     cciss7\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:103
#, no-wrap
msgid "Minor numbers:\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:110
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0\n"
"    |----+----| |----+----|\n"
"         |           |\n"
"         |           +-------- Partition ID (0=wholedev, 1-15 partition)\n"
"         |\n"
"         +-------------------- Logical Volume number\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:112
#, no-wrap
msgid "The device naming scheme is:\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:117
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    /dev/cciss/c0d0         Controller 0, disk 0, whole device\n"
"    /dev/cciss/c0d0p1       Controller 0, disk 0, partition 1\n"
"    /dev/cciss/c0d0p2       Controller 0, disk 0, partition 2\n"
"    /dev/cciss/c0d0p3       Controller 0, disk 0, partition 3\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:122
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    /dev/cciss/c1d1         Controller 1, disk 1, whole device\n"
"    /dev/cciss/c1d1p1       Controller 1, disk 1, partition 1\n"
"    /dev/cciss/c1d1p2       Controller 1, disk 1, partition 2\n"
"    /dev/cciss/c1d1p3       Controller 1, disk 1, partition 3\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:124
#, no-wrap
msgid "Files in /proc"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:130
msgid ""
"The files I</proc/driver/cciss/cciss[0-9]+> contain information about the "
"configuration of each controller.  For example:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:150
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    $ B<cd /proc/driver/cciss>\n"
"    $ B<ls -l>\n"
"    total 0\n"
"    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 2010-09-10 10:38 cciss0\n"
"    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 2010-09-10 10:38 cciss1\n"
"    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 2010-09-10 10:38 cciss2\n"
"    $ B<cat cciss2>\n"
"    cciss2: HP Smart Array P800 Controller\n"
"    Board ID: 0x3223103c\n"
"    Firmware Version: 7.14\n"
"    IRQ: 16\n"
"    Logical drives: 1\n"
"    Current Q depth: 0\n"
"    Current # commands on controller: 0\n"
"    Max Q depth since init: 1\n"
"    Max # commands on controller since init: 2\n"
"    Max SG entries since init: 32\n"
"    Sequential access devices: 0\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:152
#, no-wrap
msgid "    cciss/c2d0:   36.38GB       RAID 0\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:154
#, no-wrap
msgid "Files in /sys"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:155
#, no-wrap
msgid "I</sys/bus/pci/devices/E<lt>devE<gt>/ccissX/cXdY/model>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:161
msgid ""
"Displays the SCSI INQUIRY page 0 model for logical drive I<Y> of controller "
"I<X>."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:161
#, no-wrap
msgid "I</sys/bus/pci/devices/E<lt>devE<gt>/ccissX/cXdY/rev>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:167
msgid ""
"Displays the SCSI INQUIRY page 0 revision for logical drive I<Y> of "
"controller I<X>."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:167
#, no-wrap
msgid "I</sys/bus/pci/devices/E<lt>devE<gt>/ccissX/cXdY/unique_id>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:173
msgid ""
"Displays the SCSI INQUIRY page 83 serial number for logical drive I<Y> of "
"controller I<X>."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:173
#, no-wrap
msgid "I</sys/bus/pci/devices/E<lt>devE<gt>/ccissX/cXdY/vendor>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:179
msgid ""
"Displays the SCSI INQUIRY page 0 vendor for logical drive I<Y> of controller "
"I<X>."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:179
#, no-wrap
msgid "I</sys/bus/pci/devices/E<lt>devE<gt>/ccissX/cXdY/block:cciss!cXdY>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:183
msgid "A symbolic link to I</sys/block/cciss!cXdY>."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:183
#, no-wrap
msgid "I</sys/bus/pci/devices/E<lt>devE<gt>/ccissX/rescan>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:187
msgid ""
"When this file is written to, the driver rescans the controller to discover "
"any new, removed, or modified logical drives."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:187
#, no-wrap
msgid "I</sys/bus/pci/devices/E<lt>devE<gt>/ccissX/resettable>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:196
msgid ""
"A value of 1 displayed in this file indicates that the \"reset_devices=1\" "
"kernel parameter (used by B<kdump>)  is honored by this controller.  A value "
"of 0 indicates that the \"reset_devices=1\" kernel parameter will not be "
"honored.  Some models of Smart Array are not able to honor this parameter."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:196
#, no-wrap
msgid "I</sys/bus/pci/devices/E<lt>devE<gt>/ccissX/cXdY/lunid>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:202
msgid ""
"Displays the 8-byte LUN ID used to address logical drive I<Y> of controller "
"I<X>."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:202
#, no-wrap
msgid "I</sys/bus/pci/devices/E<lt>devE<gt>/ccissX/cXdY/raid_level>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:208
msgid "Displays the RAID level of logical drive I<Y> of controller I<X>."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:208
#, no-wrap
msgid "I</sys/bus/pci/devices/E<lt>devE<gt>/ccissX/cXdY/usage_count>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:214
msgid ""
"Displays the usage count (number of opens) of logical drive I<Y> of "
"controller I<X>."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:214
#, no-wrap
msgid "SCSI tape drive and medium changer support"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:225
msgid ""
"SCSI sequential access devices and medium changer devices are supported and "
"appropriate device nodes are automatically created (e.g., I</dev/st0>, "
"I</dev/st1>, etc.; see B<st>(4)  for more details.)  You must enable \"SCSI "
"tape drive support for Smart Array 5xxx\" and \"SCSI support\" in your "
"kernel configuration to be able to use SCSI tape drives with your Smart "
"Array 5xxx controller."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:242
msgid ""
"Additionally, note that the driver will not engage the SCSI core at init "
"time.  The driver must be directed to dynamically engage the SCSI core via "
"the /proc file-system entry, which the \"block\" side of the driver creates "
"as I</proc/driver/cciss/cciss*> at runtime.  This is because at driver init "
"time, the SCSI core may not yet be initialized (because the driver is a "
"block driver) and attempting to register it with the SCSI core in such a "
"case would cause a hang.  This is best done via an initialization script "
"(typically in I</etc/init.d>, but could vary depending on distribution).  "
"For example:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:248
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    for x in /proc/driver/cciss/cciss[0-9]*\n"
"    do\n"
"        echo \"engage scsi\" E<gt> $x\n"
"    done\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:252
msgid ""
"Once the SCSI core is engaged by the driver, it cannot be disengaged (except "
"by unloading the driver, if it happens to be linked as a module.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:256
msgid ""
"Note also that if no sequential access devices or medium changers are "
"detected, the SCSI core will not be engaged by the action of the above "
"script."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:257
#, no-wrap
msgid "Hot plug support for SCSI tape drives"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:266
msgid ""
"Hot plugging of SCSI tape drives is supported, with some caveats.  The "
"B<cciss> driver must be informed that changes to the SCSI bus have been "
"made.  This may be done via the /proc file system.  For example:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:268
#, no-wrap
msgid "    echo \"rescan\" E<gt> /proc/scsi/cciss0/1\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:270
msgid "This causes the driver to:"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:271 build/C/man4/initrd.4:96 build/C/man4/initrd.4:322 build/C/man4/initrd.4:429 build/C/man4/st.4:891 build/C/man7/uri.7:528
#, no-wrap
msgid "1."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:274
msgid ""
"query the adapter about changes to the physical SCSI buses and/or fibre "
"channel arbitrated loop, and"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:274 build/C/man4/initrd.4:100 build/C/man4/initrd.4:330 build/C/man4/initrd.4:440 build/C/man4/st.4:911 build/C/man7/uri.7:532
#, no-wrap
msgid "2."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:277
msgid ""
"make note of any new or removed sequential access devices or medium "
"changers."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:284
msgid ""
"The driver will output messages indicating which devices have been added or "
"removed and the controller, bus, target and lun used to address each "
"device.  The driver then notifies the SCSI midlayer of these changes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:289
msgid ""
"Note that the naming convention of the /proc file-system entries contains a "
"number in addition to the driver name (e.g., \"cciss0\" instead of just "
"\"cciss\", which you might expect)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:307
msgid ""
"Note: I<Only> sequential access devices and medium changers are presented as "
"SCSI devices to the SCSI midlayer by the B<cciss> driver.  Specifically, "
"physical SCSI disk drives are I<not> presented to the SCSI midlayer.  The "
"only disk devices that are presented to the kernel are logical drives that "
"the array controller constructs from regions on the physical drives.  The "
"logical drives are presented to the block layer (not to the SCSI midlayer).  "
"It is important for the driver to prevent the kernel from accessing the "
"physical drives directlyi, since these drives are used by the array "
"controller to construct the logical drives."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:307
#, no-wrap
msgid "SCSI error handling for tape drives and medium changers"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:315
msgid ""
"The Linux SCSI midlayer provides an error-handling protocol that is "
"initiated whenever a SCSI command fails to complete within a certain amount "
"of time (which can vary depending on the command).  The B<cciss> driver "
"participates in this protocol to some extent.  The normal protocol is a "
"four-step process:"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:315 build/C/man4/cciss.4:317 build/C/man4/cciss.4:319 build/C/man4/cciss.4:321 build/C/man5/core.5:47 build/C/man5/core.5:59 build/C/man5/core.5:63 build/C/man5/core.5:67 build/C/man5/core.5:70 build/C/man5/core.5:83 build/C/man5/core.5:86 build/C/man5/core.5:183 build/C/man5/core.5:187 build/C/man5/core.5:190 build/C/man5/core.5:194
#, no-wrap
msgid "*"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:317
msgid "First, the device is told to abort the command."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:319
msgid "If that doesn't work, the device is reset."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:321
msgid "If that doesn't work, the SCSI bus is reset."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:323
msgid "If that doesn't work the host bus adapter is reset."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:341
msgid ""
"The B<cciss> driver is a block driver as well as a SCSI driver and only the "
"tape drives and medium changers are presented to the SCSI midlayer "
"Furthermore, unlike more straightforward SCSI drivers, disk I/O continues "
"through the block side during the SCSI error-recovery process Therefore, the "
"B<cciss> driver implements only the first two of these actions, aborting the "
"command, and resetting the device.  Note also that most tape drives will not "
"oblige in aborting commands, and sometimes it appears they will not even "
"obey a reset command, though in most circumstances they will.  If the "
"command cannot be aborted and the device cannot be reset, the device will be "
"set offline."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:349
msgid ""
"In the event that the error-handling code is triggered and a tape drive is "
"successfully reset or the tardy command is successfully aborted, the tape "
"drive may still not allow I/O to continue until some command is issued that "
"positions the tape to a known position.  Typically you must rewind the tape "
"(by issuing I<mt -f /dev/st0 rewind> for example) before I/O can proceed "
"again to a tape drive that was reset."
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:349 build/C/man4/console.4:77 build/C/man4/console_codes.4:638 build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:613 build/C/man5/core.5:385 build/C/man4/cpuid.4:87 build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:114 build/C/man4/fd.4:213 build/C/man7/fifo.7:62 build/C/man4/full.4:51 build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:75 build/C/man4/hd.4:96 build/C/man4/hpsa.4:177 build/C/man4/initrd.4:473 build/C/man4/lp.4:122 build/C/man3/makedev.3:79 build/C/man4/mem.4:81 build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:102 build/C/man2/mknod.2:204 build/C/man4/mouse.4:152 build/C/man4/msr.4:53 build/C/man4/null.4:52 build/C/man7/pipe.7:232 build/C/man4/ram.4:40 build/C/man4/random.4:216 build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:70 build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:602 build/C/man4/st.4:952 build/C/man2/syslog.2:268 build/C/man3/syslog.3:308 build/C/man4/ttyS.4:46 build/C/man7/uri.7:699 build/C/man4/vcs.4:150 build/C/man4/wavelan.4:131
#, no-wrap
msgid "SEE ALSO"
msgstr ""

#.  .SH AUTHORS
#.  Don Brace, Steve Cameron, Chase Maupin, Mike Miller, Michael Ni,
#.  Charles White, Francis Wiran
#.  and probably some other people.
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:363
msgid ""
"B<cciss_vol_status>(8), B<hpsa>(4), B<hpacucli>(8), B<hpacuxe>(8), "
"I<http://cciss.sf.net>, and the Linux kernel source files "
"I<Documentation/blockdev/cciss.txt> and "
"I<Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci-devices-cciss>"
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:363 build/C/man4/console.4:94 build/C/man4/console_codes.4:642 build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:639 build/C/man5/core.5:396 build/C/man4/cpuid.4:94 build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:119 build/C/man4/fd.4:221 build/C/man7/fifo.7:71 build/C/man4/full.4:55 build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:77 build/C/man4/hd.4:101 build/C/man4/hpsa.4:192 build/C/man4/initrd.4:484 build/C/man4/lp.4:128 build/C/man3/makedev.3:82 build/C/man4/mem.4:85 build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:112 build/C/man2/mknod.2:218 build/C/man4/mouse.4:155 build/C/man4/msr.4:57 build/C/man4/null.4:56 build/C/man7/pipe.7:244 build/C/man4/ram.4:44 build/C/man4/random.4:220 build/C/man4/sd.4:136 build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:74 build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:606 build/C/man4/st.4:962 build/C/man3/stdarg.3:310 build/C/man2/syslog.2:271 build/C/man3/syslog.3:313 build/C/man4/ttyS.4:53 build/C/man7/uri.7:707 build/C/man4/vcs.4:155 build/C/man4/wavelan.4:138
#, no-wrap
msgid "COLOPHON"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cciss.4:370 build/C/man4/console.4:101 build/C/man4/console_codes.4:649 build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:646 build/C/man5/core.5:403 build/C/man4/cpuid.4:101 build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:126 build/C/man4/fd.4:228 build/C/man7/fifo.7:78 build/C/man4/full.4:62 build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:84 build/C/man4/hd.4:108 build/C/man4/hpsa.4:199 build/C/man4/initrd.4:491 build/C/man4/lp.4:135 build/C/man3/makedev.3:89 build/C/man4/mem.4:92 build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:119 build/C/man2/mknod.2:225 build/C/man4/mouse.4:162 build/C/man4/msr.4:64 build/C/man4/null.4:63 build/C/man7/pipe.7:251 build/C/man4/ram.4:51 build/C/man4/random.4:227 build/C/man4/sd.4:143 build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:81 build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:613 build/C/man4/st.4:969 build/C/man3/stdarg.3:317 build/C/man2/syslog.2:278 build/C/man3/syslog.3:320 build/C/man4/ttyS.4:60 build/C/man7/uri.7:714 build/C/man4/vcs.4:162 build/C/man4/wavelan.4:145
msgid ""
"This page is part of release 3.40 of the Linux I<man-pages> project.  A "
"description of the project, and information about reporting bugs, can be "
"found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/."
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/console.4:10
#, no-wrap
msgid "CONSOLE"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/console.4:10
#, no-wrap
msgid "1994-10-31"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console.4:13
msgid "console - console terminal and virtual consoles"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console.4:24
msgid ""
"A Linux system has up to 63 I<virtual consoles> (character devices with "
"major number 4 and minor number 1 to 63), usually called I</dev/tty>I<n> "
"with 1 \\(E<lt>= I<n> \\(E<lt>= 63.  The current console is also addressed "
"by I</dev/console> or I</dev/tty0>, the character device with major number 4 "
"and minor number 0.  The device files /dev/* are usually created using the "
"script MAKEDEV, or using B<mknod>(1), usually with mode 0622 and owner "
"root.tty."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console.4:30
msgid ""
"Before kernel version 1.1.54 the number of virtual consoles was compiled "
"into the kernel (in tty.h: #define NR_CONSOLES 8)  and could be changed by "
"editing and recompiling.  Since version 1.1.54 virtual consoles are created "
"on the fly, as soon as they are needed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console.4:48
msgid ""
"Common ways to start a process on a console are: (a) tell B<init>(8)  (in "
"B<inittab>(5))  to start a B<mingetty>(8)  (or B<agetty>(8))  on the "
"console; (b) ask B<openvt>(1)  to start a process on the console; (c) start "
"X\\(emit will find the first unused console, and display its output there.  "
"(There is also the ancient B<doshell>(8).)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console.4:59
msgid ""
"Common ways to switch consoles are: (a) use Alt+FI<n> or Ctrl+Alt+FI<n> to "
"switch to console I<n>; AltGr+FI<n> might bring you to console I<n>+12 [here "
"Alt and AltGr refer to the left and right Alt keys, respectively]; (b) use "
"Alt+RightArrow or Alt+LeftArrow to cycle through the presently allocated "
"consoles; (c) use the program B<chvt>(1).  (The key mapping is user "
"settable, see B<loadkeys>(1); the above mentioned key combinations are "
"according to the default settings.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console.4:65
msgid ""
"The command B<deallocvt>(1)  (formerly B<disalloc>)  will free the memory "
"taken by the screen buffers for consoles that no longer have any associated "
"process."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/console.4:65
#, no-wrap
msgid "Properties"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console.4:73
msgid ""
"Consoles carry a lot of state.  I hope to document that some other time.  "
"The most important fact is that the consoles simulate vt100 terminals.  In "
"particular, a console is reset to the initial state by printing the two "
"characters ESC c.  All escape sequences can be found in B<console_codes>(4)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console.4:75
msgid "I</dev/console>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console.4:77
msgid "I</dev/tty*>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console.4:94
msgid ""
"B<chvt>(1), B<deallocvt>(1), B<loadkeys>(1), B<mknod>(1), B<openvt>(1), "
"B<console_codes>(4), B<console_ioctl>(4), B<tty>(4), B<ttyS>(4), "
"B<charsets>(7), B<agetty>(8), B<init>(8), B<mapscrn>(8), B<mingetty>(8), "
"B<resizecons>(8), B<setfont>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:21
#, no-wrap
msgid "CONSOLE_CODES"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:21
#, no-wrap
msgid "2011-09-15"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:24
msgid "console_codes - Linux console escape and control sequences"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:31
msgid ""
"The Linux console implements a large subset of the VT102 and ECMA-48/ISO "
"6429/ANSI X3.64 terminal controls, plus certain private-mode sequences for "
"changing the color palette, character-set mapping, etc.  In the tabular "
"descriptions below, the second column gives ECMA-48 or DEC mnemonics (the "
"latter if prefixed with DEC) for the given function.  Sequences without a "
"mnemonic are neither ECMA-48 nor VT102."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:36
msgid ""
"After all the normal output processing has been done, and a stream of "
"characters arrives at the console driver for actual printing, the first "
"thing that happens is a translation from the code used for processing to the "
"code used for printing."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:42
msgid ""
"If the console is in UTF-8 mode, then the incoming bytes are first assembled "
"into 16-bit Unicode codes.  Otherwise each byte is transformed according to "
"the current mapping table (which translates it to a Unicode value).  See the "
"B<Character Sets> section below for discussion."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:48
msgid ""
"In the normal case, the Unicode value is converted to a font index, and this "
"is stored in video memory, so that the corresponding glyph (as found in "
"video ROM) appears on the screen.  Note that the use of Unicode (and the "
"design of the PC hardware)  allows us to use 512 different glyphs "
"simultaneously."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:55
msgid ""
"If the current Unicode value is a control character, or we are currently "
"processing an escape sequence, the value will treated specially.  Instead of "
"being turned into a font index and rendered as a glyph, it may trigger "
"cursor movement or other control functions.  See the B<Linux Console "
"Controls> section below for discussion."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:67
msgid ""
"It is generally not good practice to hard-wire terminal controls into "
"programs.  Linux supports a B<terminfo>(5)  database of terminal "
"capabilities.  Rather than emitting console escape sequences by hand, you "
"will almost always want to use a terminfo-aware screen library or utility "
"such as B<ncurses>(3), B<tput>(1), or B<reset>(1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:67
#, no-wrap
msgid "Linux Console Controls"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:71
msgid ""
"This section describes all the control characters and escape sequences that "
"invoke special functions (i.e., anything other than writing a glyph at the "
"current cursor location) on the Linux console."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:73
msgid "B<Control characters>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:84
msgid ""
"A character is a control character if (before transformation according to "
"the mapping table) it has one of the 14 codes 00 (NUL), 07 (BEL), 08 (BS), "
"09 (HT), 0a (LF), 0b (VT), 0c (FF), 0d (CR), 0e (SO), 0f (SI), 18 (CAN), 1a "
"(SUB), 1b (ESC), 7f (DEL).  One can set a \"display control characters\" "
"mode (see below), and allow 07, 09, 0b, 18, 1a, 7f to be displayed as "
"glyphs.  On the other hand, in UTF-8 mode all codes 00-1f are regarded as "
"control characters, regardless of any \"display control characters\" mode."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:93
msgid ""
"If we have a control character, it is acted upon immediately and then "
"discarded (even in the middle of an escape sequence)  and the escape "
"sequence continues with the next character.  (However, ESC starts a new "
"escape sequence, possibly aborting a previous unfinished one, and CAN and "
"SUB abort any escape sequence.)  The recognized control characters are BEL, "
"BS, HT, LF, VT, FF, CR, SO, SI, CAN, SUB, ESC, DEL, CSI.  They do what one "
"would expect:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:95
msgid "BEL (0x07, B<^G>) beeps;"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:98
msgid ""
"BS (0x08, B<^H>) backspaces one column (but not past the beginning of the "
"line);"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:101
msgid ""
"HT (0x09, B<^I>) goes to the next tab stop or to the end of the line if "
"there is no earlier tab stop;"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:105
msgid ""
"LF (0x0A, B<^J>), VT (0x0B, B<^K>) and FF (0x0C, B<^L>) all give a linefeed, "
"and if LF/NL (new-line mode) is set also a carriage return;"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:107
msgid "CR (0x0D, B<^M>) gives a carriage return;"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:109
msgid "SO (0x0E, B<^N>) activates the G1 character set;"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:111
msgid "SI (0x0F, B<^O>) activates the G0 character set;"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:113
msgid "CAN (0x18, B<^X>) and SUB (0x1A, B<^Z>) interrupt escape sequences;"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:115
msgid "ESC (0x1B, B<^[>) starts an escape sequence;"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:117
msgid "DEL (0x7F) is ignored;"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:119
msgid "CSI (0x9B) is equivalent to ESC [."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:121
msgid "B<ESC- but not CSI-sequences>"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:123
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC c\tRIS\tReset.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:124
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC D\tIND\tLinefeed.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:125
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC E\tNEL\tNewline.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:126
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC H\tHTS\tSet tab stop at current column.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:127
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC M\tRI\tReverse linefeed.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:128
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC Z\tDECID\tT{\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:129
#, no-wrap
msgid "DEC private identification. The kernel\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:130
#, no-wrap
msgid "returns the string  ESC [ ? 6 c, claiming\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:131
#, no-wrap
msgid "that it is a VT102.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:132 build/C/man4/console_codes.4:136 build/C/man4/console_codes.4:161 build/C/man4/console_codes.4:241 build/C/man4/console_codes.4:247 build/C/man4/console_codes.4:251 build/C/man4/console_codes.4:258
#, no-wrap
msgid "T}\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:133
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC 7\tDECSC\tT{\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:134
#, no-wrap
msgid "Save current state (cursor coordinates,\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:135
#, no-wrap
msgid "attributes, character sets pointed at by G0, G1).\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:137
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC 8\tDECRC\tRestore state most recently saved by ESC 7.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:138
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC [\tCSI\tControl sequence introducer\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:139
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC %\t\tStart sequence selecting character set\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:140
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC % @\t\t\\0\\0\\0Select default (ISO 646 / ISO 8859-1)\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:141
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC % G\t\t\\0\\0\\0Select UTF-8\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:142
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC % 8\t\t\\0\\0\\0Select UTF-8 (obsolete)\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:143
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC # 8\tDECALN\tDEC screen alignment test - fill screen with E's.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:144
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC (\t\tStart sequence defining G0 character set\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:145
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC ( B\t\t\\0\\0\\0Select default (ISO 8859-1 mapping)\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:146
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC ( 0\t\t\\0\\0\\0Select VT100 graphics mapping\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:147
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC ( U\t\t\\0\\0\\0Select null mapping - straight to character ROM\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:148
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC ( K\t\t\\0\\0\\0Select user mapping - the map that is loaded by\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:149
#, no-wrap
msgid "\t\t\\0\\0\\0the utility B<mapscrn>(8).\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:150
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC )\t\tStart sequence defining G1\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:151
#, no-wrap
msgid "\t\t(followed by one of B, 0, U, K, as above).\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:152
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC E<gt>\tDECPNM\tSet numeric keypad mode\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:153
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC =\tDECPAM\tSet application keypad mode\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:154
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC ]\tOSC\tT{\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:155
#, no-wrap
msgid "(Should be: Operating system command)\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:156
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC ] P I<nrrggbb>: set palette, with parameter\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:157
#, no-wrap
msgid "given in 7 hexadecimal digits after the final P :-(.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:158
#, no-wrap
msgid "Here I<n> is the color (0-15), and I<rrggbb> indicates\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:159
#, no-wrap
msgid "the red/green/blue values (0-255).\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:160
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC ] R: reset palette\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:165
msgid "B<ECMA-48 CSI sequences>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:171
msgid ""
"CSI (or ESC [) is followed by a sequence of parameters, at most NPAR (16), "
"that are decimal numbers separated by semicolons.  An empty or absent "
"parameter is taken to be 0.  The sequence of parameters may be preceded by a "
"single question mark."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:175
msgid ""
"However, after CSI [ (or ESC [ [) a single character is read and this entire "
"sequence is ignored.  (The idea is to ignore an echoed function key.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:177
msgid "The action of a CSI sequence is determined by its final character."
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:179
#, no-wrap
msgid "@\tICH\tInsert the indicated # of blank characters.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:180
#, no-wrap
msgid "A\tCUU\tMove cursor up the indicated # of rows.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:181
#, no-wrap
msgid "B\tCUD\tMove cursor down the indicated # of rows.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:182
#, no-wrap
msgid "C\tCUF\tMove cursor right the indicated # of columns.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:183
#, no-wrap
msgid "D\tCUB\tMove cursor left the indicated # of columns.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:184
#, no-wrap
msgid "E\tCNL\tMove cursor down the indicated # of rows, to column 1.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:185
#, no-wrap
msgid "F\tCPL\tMove cursor up the indicated # of rows, to column 1.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:186
#, no-wrap
msgid "G\tCHA\tMove cursor to indicated column in current row.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:187
#, no-wrap
msgid "H\tCUP\tMove cursor to the indicated row, column (origin at 1,1).\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:188
#, no-wrap
msgid "J\tED\tErase display (default: from cursor to end of display).\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:189
#, no-wrap
msgid "\t\tESC [ 1 J: erase from start to cursor.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:190
#, no-wrap
msgid "\t\tESC [ 2 J: erase whole display.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:191
#, no-wrap
msgid "\t\tESC [ 3 J: erase whole display including scroll-back\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:192
#, no-wrap
msgid "\t\t           buffer (since Linux 3.0).\n"
msgstr ""

#.  ESC [ 3 J: commit f8df13e0a901fe55631fed66562369b4dba40f8b
#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:194
#, no-wrap
msgid "K\tEL\tErase line (default: from cursor to end of line).\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:195
#, no-wrap
msgid "\t\tESC [ 1 K: erase from start of line to cursor.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:196
#, no-wrap
msgid "\t\tESC [ 2 K: erase whole line.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:197
#, no-wrap
msgid "L\tIL\tInsert the indicated # of blank lines.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:198
#, no-wrap
msgid "M\tDL\tDelete the indicated # of lines.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:199
#, no-wrap
msgid "P\tDCH\tDelete the indicated # of characters on the current line.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:200
#, no-wrap
msgid "X\tECH\tErase the indicated # of characters on the current line.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:201
#, no-wrap
msgid "a\tHPR\tMove cursor right the indicated # of columns.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:202
#, no-wrap
msgid "c\tDA\tAnswer ESC [ ? 6 c: \"I am a VT102\".\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:203
#, no-wrap
msgid "d\tVPA\tMove cursor to the indicated row, current column.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:204
#, no-wrap
msgid "e\tVPR\tMove cursor down the indicated # of rows.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:205
#, no-wrap
msgid "f\tHVP\tMove cursor to the indicated row, column.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:206
#, no-wrap
msgid "g\tTBC\tWithout parameter: clear tab stop at the current position.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:207
#, no-wrap
msgid "\t\tESC [ 3 g: delete all tab stops.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:208
#, no-wrap
msgid "h\tSM\tSet Mode (see below).\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:209
#, no-wrap
msgid "l\tRM\tReset Mode (see below).\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:210
#, no-wrap
msgid "m\tSGR\tSet attributes (see below).\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:211
#, no-wrap
msgid "n\tDSR\tStatus report (see below).\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:212
#, no-wrap
msgid "q\tDECLL\tSet keyboard LEDs.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:213
#, no-wrap
msgid "\t\tESC [ 0 q: clear all LEDs\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:214
#, no-wrap
msgid "\t\tESC [ 1 q: set Scroll Lock LED\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:215
#, no-wrap
msgid "\t\tESC [ 2 q: set Num Lock LED\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:216
#, no-wrap
msgid "\t\tESC [ 3 q: set Caps Lock LED\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:217
#, no-wrap
msgid "r\tDECSTBM\tSet scrolling region; parameters are top and bottom row.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:218
#, no-wrap
msgid "s\t?\tSave cursor location.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:219
#, no-wrap
msgid "u\t?\tRestore cursor location.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:220
#, no-wrap
msgid "\\`\tHPA\tMove cursor to indicated column in current row.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:224
msgid "B<ECMA-48 Set Graphics Rendition>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:231
msgid ""
"The ECMA-48 SGR sequence ESC [ I<parameters> m sets display attributes.  "
"Several attributes can be set in the same sequence, separated by "
"semicolons.  An empty parameter (between semicolons or string initiator or "
"terminator) is interpreted as a zero."
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:233
#, no-wrap
msgid "param\tresult\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:234
#, no-wrap
msgid "0\treset all attributes to their defaults\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:235
#, no-wrap
msgid "1\tset bold\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:236
#, no-wrap
msgid "2\tset half-bright (simulated with color on a color display)\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:237
#, no-wrap
msgid "4\tT{\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:238
#, no-wrap
msgid "set underscore (simulated with color on a color display)\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:239
#, no-wrap
msgid "(the colors used to simulate dim or underline are set\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:240
#, no-wrap
msgid "using ESC ] ...)\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:242
#, no-wrap
msgid "5\tset blink\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:243
#, no-wrap
msgid "7\tset reverse video\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:244
#, no-wrap
msgid "10\tT{\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:245
#, no-wrap
msgid "reset selected mapping, display control flag,\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:246
#, no-wrap
msgid "and toggle meta flag (ECMA-48 says \"primary font\").\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:248
#, no-wrap
msgid "11\tT{\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:249 build/C/man4/console_codes.4:253
#, no-wrap
msgid "select null mapping, set display control flag,\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:250
#, no-wrap
msgid "reset toggle meta flag (ECMA-48 says \"first alternate font\").\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:252
#, no-wrap
msgid "12\tT{\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:254
#, no-wrap
msgid "set toggle meta flag (ECMA-48 says \"second alternate font\").\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:255
#, no-wrap
msgid "The toggle meta flag\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:256
#, no-wrap
msgid "causes the high bit of a byte to be toggled\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:257
#, no-wrap
msgid "before the mapping table translation is done.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:259
#, no-wrap
msgid "21\tset normal intensity (ECMA-48 says \"doubly underlined\")\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:260
#, no-wrap
msgid "22\tset normal intensity\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:261
#, no-wrap
msgid "24\tunderline off\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:262
#, no-wrap
msgid "25\tblink off\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:263
#, no-wrap
msgid "27\treverse video off\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:264
#, no-wrap
msgid "30\tset black foreground\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:265
#, no-wrap
msgid "31\tset red foreground\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:266
#, no-wrap
msgid "32\tset green foreground\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:267
#, no-wrap
msgid "33\tset brown foreground\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:268
#, no-wrap
msgid "34\tset blue foreground\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:269
#, no-wrap
msgid "35\tset magenta foreground\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:270
#, no-wrap
msgid "36\tset cyan foreground\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:271
#, no-wrap
msgid "37\tset white foreground\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:272
#, no-wrap
msgid "38\tset underscore on, set default foreground color\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:273
#, no-wrap
msgid "39\tset underscore off, set default foreground color\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:274
#, no-wrap
msgid "40\tset black background\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:275
#, no-wrap
msgid "41\tset red background\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:276
#, no-wrap
msgid "42\tset green background\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:277
#, no-wrap
msgid "43\tset brown background\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:278
#, no-wrap
msgid "44\tset blue background\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:279
#, no-wrap
msgid "45\tset magenta background\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:280
#, no-wrap
msgid "46\tset cyan background\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:281
#, no-wrap
msgid "47\tset white background\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:282
#, no-wrap
msgid "49\tset default background color\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:286
msgid "B<ECMA-48 Mode Switches>"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:286
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC [ 3 h"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:289
msgid "DECCRM (default off): Display control chars."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:289
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC [ 4 h"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:292
msgid "DECIM (default off): Set insert mode."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:292
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC [ 20 h"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:296
msgid "LF/NL (default off): Automatically follow echo of LF, VT or FF with CR."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:299
msgid "B<ECMA-48 Status Report Commands>"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:299
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC [ 5 n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:302
msgid "Device status report (DSR): Answer is ESC [ 0 n (Terminal OK)."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:302
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC [ 6 n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:307
msgid ""
"Cursor position report (CPR): Answer is ESC [ I<y> ; I<x> R, where I<x,y> is "
"the cursor location."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:309
msgid "B<DEC Private Mode (DECSET/DECRST) sequences>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:315
msgid ""
"These are not described in ECMA-48.  We list the Set Mode sequences; the "
"Reset Mode sequences are obtained by replacing the final \\(aqh\\(aq by "
"\\(aql\\(aq."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:315
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC [ ? 1 h"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:319
msgid ""
"DECCKM (default off): When set, the cursor keys send an ESC O prefix, rather "
"than ESC [."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:319
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC [ ? 3 h"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:326
msgid ""
"DECCOLM (default off = 80 columns): 80/132 col mode switch.  The driver "
"sources note that this alone does not suffice; some user-mode utility such "
"as B<resizecons>(8)  has to change the hardware registers on the console "
"video card."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:326
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC [ ? 5 h"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:329
msgid "DECSCNM (default off): Set reverse-video mode."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:329
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC [ ? 6 h"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:333
msgid ""
"DECOM (default off): When set, cursor addressing is relative to the upper "
"left corner of the scrolling region."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:333
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC [ ? 7 h"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:339
msgid ""
"DECAWM (default on): Set autowrap on.  In this mode, a graphic character "
"emitted after column 80 (or column 132 of DECCOLM is on)  forces a wrap to "
"the beginning of the following line first."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:339
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC [ ? 8 h"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:342
msgid "DECARM (default on): Set keyboard autorepeat on."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:342
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC [ ? 9 h"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:346
msgid ""
"X10 Mouse Reporting (default off): Set reporting mode to 1 (or reset to "
"0)\\(emsee below."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:346
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC [ ? 25 h"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:349
msgid "DECTECM (default on): Make cursor visible."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:349
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC [ ? 1000 h"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:354
msgid ""
"X11 Mouse Reporting (default off): Set reporting mode to 2 (or reset to "
"0)\\(emsee below."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:356
msgid "B<Linux Console Private CSI Sequences>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:363
msgid ""
"The following sequences are neither ECMA-48 nor native VT102.  They are "
"native to the Linux console driver.  Colors are in SGR parameters: 0 = "
"black, 1 = red, 2 = green, 3 = brown, 4 = blue, 5 = magenta, 6 = cyan, 7 = "
"white."
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:365
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC [ 1 ; I<n> ]\tSet color I<n> as the underline color\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:366
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC [ 2 ; I<n> ]\tSet color I<n> as the dim color\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:367
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC [ 8 ]       \tMake the current color pair the default attributes.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:368
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC [ 9 ; I<n> ]\tSet screen blank timeout to I<n> minutes.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:369
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC [ 10 ; I<n> ]\tSet bell frequency in Hz.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:370
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC [ 11 ; I<n> ]\tSet bell duration in msec.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:371
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC [ 12 ; I<n> ]\tBring specified console to the front.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:372
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC [ 13 ]      \tUnblank the screen.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:373
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC [ 14 ; I<n> ]   \tSet the VESA powerdown interval in minutes.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:375
#, no-wrap
msgid "Character Sets"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:380
msgid ""
"The kernel knows about 4 translations of bytes into console-screen symbols.  "
"The four tables are: a) Latin1 -E<gt> PC, b) VT100 graphics -E<gt> PC, c) PC "
"-E<gt> PC, d) user-defined."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:386
msgid ""
"There are two character sets, called G0 and G1, and one of them is the "
"current character set.  (Initially G0.)  Typing B<^N> causes G1 to become "
"current, B<^O> causes G0 to become current."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:394
msgid ""
"These variables G0 and G1 point at a translation table, and can be changed "
"by the user.  Initially they point at tables a) and b), respectively.  The "
"sequences ESC ( B and ESC ( 0 and ESC ( U and ESC ( K cause G0 to point at "
"translation table a), b), c) and d), respectively.  The sequences ESC ) B "
"and ESC ) 0 and ESC ) U and ESC ) K cause G1 to point at translation table "
"a), b), c) and d), respectively."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:404
msgid ""
"The sequence ESC c causes a terminal reset, which is what you want if the "
"screen is all garbled.  The oft-advised \"echo ^V^O\" will only make G0 "
"current, but there is no guarantee that G0 points at table a).  In some "
"distributions there is a program B<reset>(1)  that just does \"echo ^[c\".  "
"If your terminfo entry for the console is correct (and has an entry "
"rs1=\\eEc), then \"tput reset\" will also work."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:412
msgid ""
"The user-defined mapping table can be set using B<mapscrn>(8).  The result "
"of the mapping is that if a symbol c is printed, the symbol s = map[c] is "
"sent to the video memory.  The bitmap that corresponds to s is found in the "
"character ROM, and can be changed using B<setfont>(8)."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:412
#, no-wrap
msgid "Mouse Tracking"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:424
msgid ""
"The mouse tracking facility is intended to return B<xterm>(1)-compatible "
"mouse status reports.  Because the console driver has no way to know the "
"device or type of the mouse, these reports are returned in the console input "
"stream only when the virtual terminal driver receives a mouse update ioctl.  "
"These ioctls must be generated by a mouse-aware user-mode application such "
"as the B<gpm>(8)  daemon."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:430
msgid ""
"The mouse tracking escape sequences generated by B<xterm>(1) encode numeric "
"parameters in a single character as I<value>+040.  For example, \\(aq!\\(aq "
"is 1.  The screen coordinate system is 1-based."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:440
msgid ""
"The X10 compatibility mode sends an escape sequence on button press encoding "
"the location and the mouse button pressed.  It is enabled by sending ESC [ ? "
"9 h and disabled with ESC [ ? 9 l.  On button press, B<xterm>(1) sends ESC [ "
"M I<bxy> (6 characters).  Here I<b> is button-1, and I<x> and I<y> are the x "
"and y coordinates of the mouse when the button was pressed.  This is the "
"same code the kernel also produces."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:455
msgid ""
"Normal tracking mode (not implemented in Linux 2.0.24) sends an escape "
"sequence on both button press and release.  Modifier information is also "
"sent.  It is enabled by sending ESC [ ? 1000 h and disabled with ESC [ ? "
"1000 l.  On button press or release, B<xterm>(1) sends ESC [ M I<bxy>.  The "
"low two bits of I<b> encode button information: 0=MB1 pressed, 1=MB2 "
"pressed, 2=MB3 pressed, 3=release.  The upper bits encode what modifiers "
"were down when the button was pressed and are added together: 4=Shift, "
"8=Meta, 16=Control.  Again I<x> and I<y> are the x and y coordinates of the "
"mouse event.  The upper left corner is (1,1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:455
#, no-wrap
msgid "Comparisons With Other Terminals"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:462
msgid ""
"Many different terminal types are described, like the Linux console, as "
"being \"VT100-compatible\".  Here we discuss differences between the Linux "
"console and the two most important others, the DEC VT102 and B<xterm>(1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:464
msgid "B<Control-character handling>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:466
msgid "The VT102 also recognized the following control characters:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:468
msgid "NUL (0x00) was ignored;"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:470
msgid "ENQ (0x05) triggered an answerback message;"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:472
msgid "DC1 (0x11, B<^Q>, XON) resumed transmission;"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:475
msgid ""
"DC3 (0x13, B<^S>, XOFF) caused VT100 to ignore (and stop transmitting)  all "
"codes except XOFF and XON."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:477
msgid "VT100-like DC1/DC3 processing may be enabled by the tty driver."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:483
msgid ""
"The B<xterm>(1)  program (in VT100 mode) recognizes the control characters "
"BEL, BS, HT, LF, VT, FF, CR, SO, SI, ESC."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:485
msgid "B<Escape sequences>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:487
msgid "VT100 console sequences not implemented on the Linux console:"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:489
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC N\tSS2\tSingle shift 2. (Select G2 character set for the next\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:490 build/C/man4/console_codes.4:492
#, no-wrap
msgid "\t\tcharacter only.)\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:491
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC O\tSS3\tSingle shift 3. (Select G3 character set for the next\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:493
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC P\tDCS\tDevice control string (ended by ESC \\e)\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:494
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC X\tSOS\tStart of string.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:495
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC ^\tPM\tPrivacy message (ended by ESC \\e)\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:496
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC \\e\tST\tString terminator\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:497
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC * ...\t\tDesignate G2 character set\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:498
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC + ...\t\tDesignate G3 character set\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:511
msgid ""
"The program B<xterm>(1)  (in VT100 mode) recognizes ESC c, ESC # 8, ESC "
"E<gt>, ESC =, ESC D, ESC E, ESC H, ESC M, ESC N, ESC O, ESC P ... ESC \\e, "
"ESC Z (it answers ESC [ ? 1 ; 2 c, \"I am a VT100 with advanced video "
"option\")  and ESC ^ ... ESC \\e with the same meanings as indicated above.  "
"It accepts ESC (, ESC ), ESC *, ESC + followed by 0, A, B for the DEC "
"special character and line drawing set, UK, and US-ASCII, respectively."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:515
msgid ""
"The user can configure B<xterm>(1) to respond to VT220-specific control "
"sequences, and it will identify itself as a VT52, VT100, and up depending on "
"the way it is configured and initialized."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:520
msgid ""
"It accepts ESC ] (OSC) for the setting of certain resources.  In addition to "
"the ECMA-48 string terminator (ST), B<xterm>(1) accepts a BEL to terminate "
"an OSC string.  These are a few of the OSC control sequences recognized by "
"B<xterm>(1):"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:522
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC ] 0 ; I<txt> ST\tSet icon name and window title to I<txt>.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:523
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC ] 1 ; I<txt> ST\tSet icon name to I<txt>.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:524
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC ] 2 ; I<txt> ST\tSet window title to I<txt>.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:525
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC ] 4 ; I<num>; I<txt> ST\tSet ANSI color I<num> to I<txt>.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:526
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC ] 10 ; I<txt> ST\tSet dynamic text color to I<txt>.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:527
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC ] 4 6 ; I<name> ST\tChange log file to I<name> (normally disabled\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:528
#, no-wrap
msgid "\tby a compile-time option)\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:529
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC ] 5 0 ; I<fn> ST\tSet font to I<fn>.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:534
msgid ""
"It recognizes the following with slightly modified meaning (saving more "
"state, behaving closer to VT100/VT220):"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:536
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC 7  DECSC\tSave cursor\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:537
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC 8  DECRC\tRestore cursor\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:541
msgid "It also recognizes"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:543
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC F\t\tCursor to lower left corner of screen (if enabled by\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:544
#, no-wrap
msgid "\t\tB<xterm>(1)'s B<hpLowerleftBugCompat> resource)\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:545
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC l\t\tMemory lock (per HP terminals).\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:546
#, no-wrap
msgid "\t\tLocks memory above the cursor.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:547
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC m\t\tMemory unlock (per HP terminals).\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:548
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC n\tLS2\tInvoke the G2 character set.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:549
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC o\tLS3\tInvoke the G3 character set.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:550
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC |\tLS3R\tInvoke the G3 character set as GR.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:551
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC }\tLS2R\tInvoke the G2 character set as GR.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:552
#, no-wrap
msgid "ESC ~\tLS1R\tInvoke the G1 character set as GR.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:558
msgid ""
"It also recognizes ESC % and provides a more complete UTF-8 implementation "
"than Linux console."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:560
msgid "B<CSI Sequences>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:574
msgid ""
"Old versions of B<xterm>(1), for example, from X11R5, interpret the blink "
"SGR as a bold SGR.  Later versions which implemented ANSI colors, for "
"example, XFree86 3.1.2A in 1995, improved this by allowing the blink "
"attribute to be displayed as a color.  Modern versions of xterm implement "
"blink SGR as blinking text and still allow colored text as an alternate "
"rendering of SGRs.  Stock X11R6 versions did not recognize the color-setting "
"SGRs until the X11R6.8 release, which incorporated XFree86 xterm.  All "
"ECMA-48 CSI sequences recognized by Linux are also recognized by I<xterm>, "
"however B<xterm>(1) implements several ECMA-48 and DEC control sequences not "
"recognized by Linux."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:588
msgid ""
"The B<xterm>(1)  program recognizes all of the DEC Private Mode sequences "
"listed above, but none of the Linux private-mode sequences.  For discussion "
"of B<xterm>(1)'s own private-mode sequences, refer to the I<Xterm Control "
"Sequences> document by Edward Moy, Stephen Gildea, and Thomas E. Dickey "
"available with the X distribution.  That document, though terse, is much "
"longer than this manual page.  For a chronological overview,"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:591
msgid "http://invisible-island.net/xterm/xterm.log.html"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:594
msgid "details changes to xterm."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:596
msgid "The I<vttest> program"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:599
msgid "http://invisible-island.net/vttest/"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:604
msgid ""
"demonstrates many of these control sequences.  The B<xterm>(1) source "
"distribution also contains sample scripts which exercise other features."
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:604 build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:591 build/C/man5/core.5:276 build/C/man4/cpuid.4:60 build/C/man4/fd.4:196 build/C/man7/fifo.7:51 build/C/man4/initrd.4:428 build/C/man3/makedev.3:70 build/C/man2/mknod.2:177 build/C/man4/msr.4:45 build/C/man4/null.4:49 build/C/man4/st.4:890 build/C/man3/stdarg.3:220 build/C/man2/syslog.2:260 build/C/man3/syslog.3:289 build/C/man7/uri.7:585
#, no-wrap
msgid "NOTES"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:607
msgid "ESC 8 (DECRC) is not able to restore the character set changed with ESC %."
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:607 build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:596 build/C/man3/stdarg.3:256 build/C/man7/uri.7:666
#, no-wrap
msgid "BUGS"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:610
msgid "In 2.0.23, CSI is broken, and NUL is not ignored inside escape sequences."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:619
msgid ""
"Some older kernel versions (after 2.0) interpret 8-bit control sequences.  "
"These \"C1 controls\" use codes between 128 and 159 to replace ESC [, ESC ] "
"and similar two-byte control sequence initiators.  There are fragments of "
"that in modern kernels (either overlooked or broken by changes to support "
"UTF-8), but the implementation is incomplete and should be regarded as "
"unreliable."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:634
msgid ""
"Linux \"private mode\" sequences do not follow the rules in ECMA-48 for "
"private mode control sequences.  In particular, those ending with ] do not "
"use a standard terminating character.  The OSC (set palette) sequence is a "
"greater problem, since B<xterm>(1) may interpret this as a control sequence "
"which requires a string terminator (ST).  Unlike the B<setterm>(1) sequences "
"which will be ignored (since they are invalid control sequences), the "
"palette sequence will make B<xterm>(1) appear to hang (though pressing the "
"return-key will fix that).  To accommodate applications which have been "
"hardcoded to use Linux control sequences, set the B<xterm>(1) resource "
"B<brokenLinuxOSC> to true."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:638
msgid ""
"An older version of this document implied that Linux recognizes the ECMA-48 "
"control sequence for invisible text.  It is ignored."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:642
msgid "B<console>(4), B<console_ioctl>(4), B<charsets>(7)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:39
#, no-wrap
msgid "CONSOLE_IOCTL"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:39
#, no-wrap
msgid "2009-02-28"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:42
msgid "console_ioctl - ioctl's for console terminal and virtual consoles"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:47
msgid ""
"The following Linux-specific B<ioctl>(2)  requests are supported.  Each "
"requires a third argument, assumed here to be I<argp>."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:47
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<KDGETLED>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:52
msgid ""
"Get state of LEDs.  I<argp> points to a I<char>.  The lower three bits of "
"I<*argp> are set to the state of the LEDs, as follows:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:56
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    LED_CAP       0x04   caps lock led\n"
"    LEC_NUM       0x02   num lock led\n"
"    LED_SCR       0x01   scroll lock led\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:56
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<KDSETLED>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:63
msgid ""
"Set the LEDs.  The LEDs are set to correspond to the lower three bits of "
"I<argp>.  However, if a higher order bit is set, the LEDs revert to normal: "
"displaying the state of the keyboard functions of caps lock, num lock, and "
"scroll lock."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:70
msgid ""
"Before 1.1.54, the LEDs just reflected the state of the corresponding "
"keyboard flags, and KDGETLED/KDSETLED would also change the keyboard flags.  "
"Since 1.1.54 the leds can be made to display arbitrary information, but by "
"default they display the keyboard flags.  The following two ioctl's are used "
"to access the keyboard flags."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:70
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<KDGKBLED>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:77
msgid ""
"Get keyboard flags CapsLock, NumLock, ScrollLock (not lights).  I<argp> "
"points to a char which is set to the flag state.  The low order three bits "
"(mask 0x7) get the current flag state, and the low order bits of the next "
"nibble (mask 0x70) get the default flag state.  (Since 1.1.54.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:77
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<KDSKBLED>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:84
msgid ""
"Set keyboard flags CapsLock, NumLock, ScrollLock (not lights).  I<argp> has "
"the desired flag state.  The low order three bits (mask 0x7) have the flag "
"state, and the low order bits of the next nibble (mask 0x70) have the "
"default flag state.  (Since 1.1.54.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:84
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<KDGKBTYPE>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:87
msgid "Get keyboard type.  This returns the value KB_101, defined as 0x02."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:87
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<KDADDIO>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:90
msgid "Add I/O port as valid.  Equivalent to I<ioperm(arg,1,1)>."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:90
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<KDDELIO>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:93
msgid "Delete I/O port as valid.  Equivalent to I<ioperm(arg,1,0)>."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:93
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<KDENABIO>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:96
msgid ""
"Enable I/O to video board.  Equivalent to I<ioperm(0x3b4, 0x3df-0x3b4+1, "
"1)>."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:96
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<KDDISABIO>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:99
msgid ""
"Disable I/O to video board.  Equivalent to I<ioperm(0x3b4, 0x3df-0x3b4+1, "
"0)>."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:99
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<KDSETMODE>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:102
msgid "Set text/graphics mode.  I<argp> is one of these:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:105
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    KD_TEXT       0x00\n"
"    KD_GRAPHICS   0x01\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:105
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<KDGETMODE>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:109
msgid ""
"Get text/graphics mode.  I<argp> points to a I<long> which is set to one of "
"the above values."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:109
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<KDMKTONE>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:118
msgid ""
"Generate tone of specified length.  The lower 16 bits of I<argp> specify the "
"period in clock cycles, and the upper 16 bits give the duration in msec.  If "
"the duration is zero, the sound is turned off.  Control returns "
"immediately.  For example, I<argp> = (125E<lt>E<lt>16) + 0x637 would specify "
"the beep normally associated with a ctrl-G.  (Thus since 0.99pl1; broken in "
"2.1.49-50.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:118
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<KIOCSOUND>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:125
msgid ""
"Start or stop sound generation.  The lower 16 bits of I<argp> specify the "
"period in clock cycles (that is, I<argp> = 1193180/frequency).  I<argp> = 0 "
"turns sound off.  In either case, control returns immediately."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:125
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<GIO_CMAP>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:130
msgid ""
"Get the current default color map from kernel.  I<argp> points to a 48-byte "
"array.  (Since 1.3.3.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:130
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<PIO_CMAP>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:141
msgid ""
"Change the default text-mode color map.  I<argp> points to a 48-byte array "
"which contains, in order, the Red, Green, and Blue values for the 16 "
"available screen colors: 0 is off, and 255 is full intensity.  The default "
"colors are, in order: black, dark red, dark green, brown, dark blue, dark "
"purple, dark cyan, light grey, dark grey, bright red, bright green, yellow, "
"bright blue, bright purple, bright cyan and white.  (Since 1.3.3.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:141
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<GIO_FONT>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:147
msgid ""
"Gets 256-character screen font in expanded form.  I<argp> points to an 8192 "
"byte array.  Fails with error code B<EINVAL> if the currently loaded font is "
"a 512-character font, or if the console is not in text mode."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:147
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<GIO_FONTX>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:160
msgid ""
"Gets screen font and associated information.  I<argp> points to a I<struct "
"consolefontdesc> (see B<PIO_FONTX>).  On call, the I<charcount> field should "
"be set to the maximum number of characters that would fit in the buffer "
"pointed to by I<chardata>.  On return, the I<charcount> and I<charheight> "
"are filled with the respective data for the currently loaded font, and the "
"I<chardata> array contains the font data if the initial value of "
"I<charcount> indicated enough space was available; otherwise the buffer is "
"untouched and I<errno> is set to B<ENOMEM>.  (Since 1.3.1.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:160
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<PIO_FONT>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:169
msgid ""
"Sets 256-character screen font.  Load font into the EGA/VGA character "
"generator.  I<argp> points to a 8192 byte map, with 32 bytes per character.  "
"Only first I<N> of them are used for an 8xI<N> font (0 E<lt> I<N> E<lt>= "
"32).  This call also invalidates the Unicode mapping."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:169
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<PIO_FONTX>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:173
msgid "Sets screen font and associated rendering information.  I<argp> points to a"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:184
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"struct consolefontdesc {\n"
"    unsigned short charcount;  /* characters in font\n"
"                                  (256 or 512) */\n"
"    unsigned short charheight; /* scan lines per\n"
"                                  character (1-32) */\n"
"    char          *chardata;   /* font data in\n"
"                                  expanded form */\n"
"};\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:191
msgid ""
"If necessary, the screen will be appropriately resized, and B<SIGWINCH> sent "
"to the appropriate processes.  This call also invalidates the Unicode "
"mapping.  (Since 1.3.1.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:191
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<PIO_FONTRESET>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:197
msgid ""
"Resets the screen font, size and Unicode mapping to the bootup defaults.  "
"I<argp> is unused, but should be set to NULL to ensure compatibility with "
"future versions of Linux.  (Since 1.3.28.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:197
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<GIO_SCRNMAP>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:204
msgid ""
"Get screen mapping from kernel.  I<argp> points to an area of size E_TABSZ, "
"which is loaded with the font positions used to display each character.  "
"This call is likely to return useless information if the currently loaded "
"font is more than 256 characters."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:204
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<GIO_UNISCRNMAP>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:212
msgid ""
"Get full Unicode screen mapping from kernel.  I<argp> points to an area of "
"size E_TABSZ*sizeof(unsigned short), which is loaded with the Unicodes each "
"character represent.  A special set of Unicodes, starting at U+F000, are "
"used to represent \"direct to font\" mappings.  (Since 1.3.1.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:212
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<PIO_SCRNMAP>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:217
msgid ""
"Loads the \"user definable\" (fourth) table in the kernel which maps bytes "
"into console screen symbols.  I<argp> points to an area of size E_TABSZ."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:217
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<PIO_UNISCRNMAP>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:224
msgid ""
"Loads the \"user definable\" (fourth) table in the kernel which maps bytes "
"into Unicodes, which are then translated into screen symbols according to "
"the currently loaded Unicode-to-font map.  Special Unicodes starting at "
"U+F000 can be used to map directly to the font symbols.  (Since 1.3.1.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:224
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<GIO_UNIMAP>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:227
msgid "Get Unicode-to-font mapping from kernel.  I<argp> points to a"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:234
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"struct unimapdesc {\n"
"    unsigned short  entry_ct;\n"
"    struct unipair *entries;\n"
"};\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:238
msgid "where I<entries> points to an array of"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:245
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"struct unipair {\n"
"    unsigned short unicode;\n"
"    unsigned short fontpos;\n"
"};\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:249 build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:269
msgid "(Since 1.1.92.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:249
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<PIO_UNIMAP>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:254
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"Put unicode-to-font mapping in kernel.\n"
"    I<argp> points to a\n"
"I<struct unimapdesc>.\n"
"(Since 1.1.92)\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:254
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<PIO_UNIMAPCLR>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:257
msgid "Clear table, possibly advise hash algorithm.  I<argp> points to a"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:265
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"struct unimapinit {\n"
"    unsigned short advised_hashsize;  /* 0 if no opinion */\n"
"    unsigned short advised_hashstep;  /* 0 if no opinion */\n"
"    unsigned short advised_hashlevel; /* 0 if no opinion */\n"
"};\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:269
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<KDGKBMODE>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:273
msgid ""
"Gets current keyboard mode.  I<argp> points to a I<long> which is set to one "
"of these:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:278
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    K_RAW         0x00\n"
"    K_XLATE       0x01\n"
"    K_MEDIUMRAW   0x02\n"
"    K_UNICODE     0x03\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:278
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<KDSKBMODE>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:281
msgid ""
"Sets current keyboard mode.  I<argp> is a I<long> equal to one of the above "
"values."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:281
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<KDGKBMETA>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:285
msgid ""
"Gets meta key handling mode.  I<argp> points to a I<long> which is set to "
"one of these:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:288
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    K_METABIT     0x03   set high order bit\n"
"    K_ESCPREFIX   0x04   escape prefix\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:288
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<KDSKBMETA>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:291
msgid ""
"Sets meta key handling mode.  I<argp> is a I<long> equal to one of the above "
"values."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:291
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<KDGKBENT>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:294
msgid ""
"Gets one entry in key translation table (keycode to action code).  I<argp> "
"points to a"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:302
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"struct kbentry {\n"
"    unsigned char  kb_table;\n"
"    unsigned char  kb_index;\n"
"    unsigned short kb_value;\n"
"};\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:311
msgid ""
"with the first two members filled in: I<kb_table> selects the key table (0 "
"E<lt>= I<kb_table> E<lt> MAX_NR_KEYMAPS), and I<kb_index> is the keycode (0 "
"E<lt>= I<kb_index> E<lt> NR_KEYS).  I<kb_value> is set to the corresponding "
"action code, or K_HOLE if there is no such key, or K_NOSUCHMAP if "
"I<kb_table> is invalid."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:311
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<KDSKBENT>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:315
msgid "Sets one entry in translation table.  I<argp> points to a I<struct kbentry>."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:315
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<KDGKBSENT>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:318
msgid "Gets one function key string.  I<argp> points to a"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:325
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"struct kbsentry {\n"
"    unsigned char kb_func;\n"
"    unsigned char kb_string[512];\n"
"};\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:330
msgid ""
"I<kb_string> is set to the (null-terminated) string corresponding to the "
"I<kb_func>th function key action code."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:330
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<KDSKBSENT>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:334
msgid "Sets one function key string entry.  I<argp> points to a I<struct kbsentry>."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:334
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<KDGKBDIACR>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:337
msgid "Read kernel accent table.  I<argp> points to a"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:344
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"struct kbdiacrs {\n"
"    unsigned int   kb_cnt;\n"
"    struct kbdiacr kbdiacr[256];\n"
"};\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:349
msgid "where I<kb_cnt> is the number of entries in the array, each of which is a"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:357
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"struct kbdiacr {\n"
"    unsigned char diacr;\n"
"    unsigned char base;\n"
"    unsigned char result;\n"
"};\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:359
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<KDGETKEYCODE>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:362
msgid "Read kernel keycode table entry (scan code to keycode).  I<argp> points to a"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:369
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"struct kbkeycode {\n"
"    unsigned int scancode;\n"
"    unsigned int keycode;\n"
"};\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:376
msgid ""
"I<keycode> is set to correspond to the given I<scancode>.  (89 E<lt>= "
"I<scancode> E<lt>= 255 only.  For 1 E<lt>= I<scancode> E<lt>= 88, "
"I<keycode>==I<scancode>.)  (Since 1.1.63.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:376
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<KDSETKEYCODE>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:381
msgid ""
"Write kernel keycode table entry.  I<argp> points to a I<struct kbkeycode>.  "
"(Since 1.1.63.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:381
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<KDSIGACCEPT>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:386
msgid ""
"The calling process indicates its willingness to accept the signal I<argp> "
"when it is generated by pressing an appropriate key combination.  (1 E<lt>= "
"I<argp> E<lt>= NSIG).  (See spawn_console() in "
"linux/drivers/char/keyboard.c.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:386
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<VT_OPENQRY>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:390
msgid ""
"Returns the first available (non-opened) console.  I<argp> points to an "
"I<int> which is set to the number of the vt (1 E<lt>= I<*argp> E<lt>= "
"MAX_NR_CONSOLES)."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:390
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<VT_GETMODE>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:393
msgid "Get mode of active vt.  I<argp> points to a"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:403
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"struct vt_mode {\n"
"    char  mode;    /* vt mode */\n"
"    char  waitv;   /* if set, hang on writes if not active */\n"
"    short relsig;  /* signal to raise on release req */\n"
"    short acqsig;  /* signal to raise on acquisition */\n"
"    short frsig;   /* unused (set to 0) */\n"
"};\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:408
msgid ""
"which is set to the mode of the active vt.  I<mode> is set to one of these "
"values:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:412
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    VT_AUTO       auto vt switching\n"
"    VT_PROCESS    process controls switching\n"
"    VT_ACKACQ     acknowledge switch\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:412
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<VT_SETMODE>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:416
msgid "Set mode of active vt.  I<argp> points to a I<struct vt_mode>."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:416
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<VT_GETSTATE>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:419
msgid "Get global vt state info.  I<argp> points to a"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:427
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"struct vt_stat {\n"
"    unsigned short v_active;  /* active vt */\n"
"    unsigned short v_signal;  /* signal to send */\n"
"    unsigned short v_state;   /* vt bit mask */\n"
"};\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:432
msgid ""
"For each vt in use, the corresponding bit in the I<v_state> member is set.  "
"(Kernels 1.0 through 1.1.92.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:432
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<VT_RELDISP>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:434
msgid "Release a display."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:434
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<VT_ACTIVATE>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:436
msgid "Switch to vt I<argp> (1 E<lt>= I<argp> E<lt>= MAX_NR_CONSOLES)."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:436
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<VT_WAITACTIVE>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:438
msgid "Wait until vt I<argp> has been activated."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:438
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<VT_DISALLOCATE>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:441
msgid "Deallocate the memory associated with vt I<argp>.  (Since 1.1.54.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:441
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<VT_RESIZE>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:444
msgid "Set the kernel's idea of screensize.  I<argp> points to a"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:452
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"struct vt_sizes {\n"
"    unsigned short v_rows;       /* # rows */\n"
"    unsigned short v_cols;       /* # columns */\n"
"    unsigned short v_scrollsize; /* no longer used */\n"
"};\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:459
msgid ""
"Note that this does not change the videomode.  See B<resizecons>(8).  (Since "
"1.1.54.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:459
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<VT_RESIZEX>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:462
msgid "Set the kernel's idea of various screen parameters.  I<argp> points to a"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:477
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"struct vt_consize {\n"
"    unsigned short v_rows;  /* number of rows */\n"
"    unsigned short v_cols;  /* number of columns */\n"
"    unsigned short v_vlin;  /* number of pixel rows\n"
"                               on screen */\n"
"    unsigned short v_clin;  /* number of pixel rows\n"
"                               per character */\n"
"    unsigned short v_vcol;  /* number of pixel columns\n"
"                               on screen */\n"
"    unsigned short v_ccol;  /* number of pixel columns\n"
"                               per character */\n"
"};\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:486
msgid ""
"Any parameter may be set to zero, indicating \"no change\", but if multiple "
"parameters are set, they must be self-consistent.  Note that this does not "
"change the videomode.  See B<resizecons>(8).  (Since 1.3.3.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:490
msgid ""
"The action of the following ioctls depends on the first byte in the struct "
"pointed to by I<argp>, referred to here as the I<subcode>.  These are legal "
"only for the superuser or the owner of the current tty."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:490
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<TIOCLINUX, subcode=0>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:494
msgid ""
"Dump the screen.  Disappeared in 1.1.92.  (With kernel 1.1.92 or later, read "
"from /dev/vcsN or /dev/vcsaN instead.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:494
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<TIOCLINUX, subcode=1>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:497
msgid "Get task information.  Disappeared in 1.1.92."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:497
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<TIOCLINUX, subcode=2>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:500
msgid "Set selection.  I<argp> points to a"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:508
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"struct {\n"
"   char  subcode;\n"
"   short xs, ys, xe, ye;\n"
"   short sel_mode;\n"
"};\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:520
msgid ""
"I<xs> and I<ys> are the starting column and row.  I<xe> and I<ye> are the "
"ending column and row.  (Upper left corner is row=column=1.)  I<sel_mode> is "
"0 for character-by-character selection, 1 for word-by-word selection, or 2 "
"for line-by-line selection.  The indicated screen characters are highlighted "
"and saved in the static array sel_buffer in devices/char/console.c."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:520
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<TIOCLINUX, subcode=3>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:524
msgid ""
"Paste selection.  The characters in the selection buffer are written to "
"I<fd>."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:524
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<TIOCLINUX, subcode=4>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:526
msgid "Unblank the screen."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:526
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<TIOCLINUX, subcode=5>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:530
msgid ""
"Sets contents of a 256-bit look up table defining characters in a \"word\", "
"for word-by-word selection.  (Since 1.1.32.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:530
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<TIOCLINUX, subcode=6>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:534
msgid ""
"I<argp> points to a char which is set to the value of the kernel variable "
"I<shift_state>.  (Since 1.1.32.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:534
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<TIOCLINUX, subcode=7>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:538
msgid ""
"I<argp> points to a char which is set to the value of the kernel variable "
"I<report_mouse>.  (Since 1.1.33.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:538
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<TIOCLINUX, subcode=8>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:543
msgid ""
"Dump screen width and height, cursor position, and all the "
"character-attribute pairs.  (Kernels 1.1.67 through 1.1.91 only.  With "
"kernel 1.1.92 or later, read from /dev/vcsa* instead.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:543
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<TIOCLINUX, subcode=9>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:548
msgid ""
"Restore screen width and height, cursor position, and all the "
"character-attribute pairs.  (Kernels 1.1.67 through 1.1.91 only.  With "
"kernel 1.1.92 or later, write to /dev/vcsa* instead.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:548
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<TIOCLINUX, subcode=10>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:553
msgid ""
"Handles the Power Saving feature of the new generation of monitors.  VESA "
"screen blanking mode is set to I<argp>[1], which governs what screen "
"blanking does:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:555
#, no-wrap
msgid "    I<0>: Screen blanking is disabled.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:562
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    I<1>: The current video adapter\n"
"register settings are saved, then the controller is programmed to turn off\n"
"the vertical synchronization pulses.\n"
"This puts the monitor into \"standby\" mode.\n"
"If your monitor has an Off_Mode timer, then\n"
"it will eventually power down by itself.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:571
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    I<2>: The current\n"
"settings are saved, then both the vertical and horizontal\n"
"synchronization pulses are turned off.\n"
"This puts the monitor into \"off\" mode.\n"
"If your monitor has no Off_Mode timer,\n"
"or if you want your monitor to power down immediately when the\n"
"blank_timer times out, then you choose this option.\n"
"(I<Caution:> Powering down frequently will damage the monitor.)\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:573
msgid "(Since 1.1.76.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:573 build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:61 build/C/man2/mknod.2:100 build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:61 build/C/man4/st.4:826 build/C/man2/syslog.2:203
#, no-wrap
msgid "RETURN VALUE"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:576
msgid "On success, 0 is returned.  On error -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set."
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:576 build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:67 build/C/man2/mknod.2:105 build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:63 build/C/man2/syslog.2:219
#, no-wrap
msgid "ERRORS"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:578
msgid "I<errno> may take on these values:"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:578
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<EBADF>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:581
msgid "The file descriptor is invalid."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:581
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<ENOTTY>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:585
msgid ""
"The file descriptor is not associated with a character special device, or "
"the specified request does not apply to it."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:585 build/C/man2/mknod.2:124 build/C/man4/st.4:841 build/C/man2/syslog.2:220
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<EINVAL>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:588
msgid "The file descriptor or I<argp> is invalid."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:588 build/C/man2/mknod.2:154 build/C/man2/syslog.2:244
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<EPERM>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:591
msgid "Insufficient permission."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:602
msgid ""
"B<Warning>: Do not regard this man page as documentation of the Linux "
"console ioctl's.  This is provided for the curious only, as an alternative "
"to reading the source.  Ioctl's are undocumented Linux internals, liable to "
"be changed without warning.  (And indeed, this page more or less describes "
"the situation as of kernel version 1.1.94; there are many minor and "
"not-so-minor differences with earlier versions.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:607
msgid ""
"Very often, ioctl's are introduced for communication between the kernel and "
"one particular well-known program (fdisk, hdparm, setserial, tunelp, "
"loadkeys, selection, setfont, etc.), and their behavior will be changed when "
"required by this particular program."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:611
msgid ""
"Programs using these ioctl's will not be portable to other versions of UNIX, "
"will not work on older versions of Linux, and will not work on future "
"versions of Linux."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:613
msgid "Use POSIX functions."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:639
msgid ""
"B<dumpkeys>(1), B<kbd_mode>(1), B<loadkeys>(1), B<mknod>(1), B<setleds>(1), "
"B<setmetamode>(1), B<execve>(2), B<fcntl>(2), B<ioperm>(2), B<termios>(3), "
"B<console>(4), B<console_codes>(4), B<mt>(4), B<sd>(4), B<tty>(4), "
"B<tty_ioctl>(4), B<ttyS>(4), B<vcs>(4), B<vcsa>(4), B<charsets>(7), "
"B<mapscrn>(8), B<resizecons>(8), B<setfont>(8), I</usr/include/linux/kd.h>, "
"I</usr/include/linux/vt.h>"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man5/core.5:23
#, no-wrap
msgid "CORE"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man5/core.5:23
#, no-wrap
msgid "2012-01-17"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:26
msgid "core - core dump file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:37
msgid ""
"The default action of certain signals is to cause a process to terminate and "
"produce a I<core dump file>, a disk file containing an image of the "
"process's memory at the time of termination.  This image can be used in a "
"debugger (e.g., B<gdb>(1))  to inspect the state of the program at the time "
"that it terminated.  A list of the signals which cause a process to dump "
"core can be found in B<signal>(7)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:44
msgid ""
"A process can set its soft B<RLIMIT_CORE> resource limit to place an upper "
"limit on the size of the core dump file that will be produced if it receives "
"a \"core dump\" signal; see B<getrlimit>(2)  for details."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:47
msgid "There are various circumstances in which a core dump file is not produced:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:59
msgid ""
"The process does not have permission to write the core file.  (By default "
"the core file is called I<core>, and is created in the current working "
"directory.  See below for details on naming.)  Writing the core file will "
"fail if the directory in which it is to be created is nonwritable, or if a "
"file with the same name exists and is not writable or is not a regular file "
"(e.g., it is a directory or a symbolic link)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:63
msgid ""
"A (writable, regular) file with the same name as would be used for the core "
"dump already exists, but there is more than one hard link to that file."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:67
msgid ""
"The file system where the core dump file would be created is full; or has "
"run out of inodes; or is mounted read-only; or the user has reached their "
"quota for the file system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:70
msgid "The directory in which the core dump file is to be created does not exist."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:83
msgid ""
"The B<RLIMIT_CORE> (core file size) or B<RLIMIT_FSIZE> (file size) resource "
"limits for the process are set to zero; see B<getrlimit>(2)  and the "
"documentation of the shell's I<ulimit> command (I<limit> in B<csh>(1))."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:86
msgid ""
"The binary being executed by the process does not have read permission "
"enabled."
msgstr ""

#.  FIXME . Perhaps relocate discussion of /proc/sys/fs/suid_dumpable
#.  and PR_SET_DUMPABLE to this page?
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:99
msgid ""
"The process is executing a set-user-ID (set-group-ID) program that is owned "
"by a user (group) other than the real user (group)  ID of the process.  "
"(However, see the description of the B<prctl>(2)  B<PR_SET_DUMPABLE> "
"operation, and the description of the I</proc/sys/fs/suid_dumpable> file in "
"B<proc>(5).)"
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man5/core.5:99
#, no-wrap
msgid "Naming of core dump files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:108
msgid ""
"By default, a core dump file is named I<core>, but the "
"I</proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern> file (since Linux 2.6 and 2.4.21)  can be "
"set to define a template that is used to name core dump files.  The template "
"can contain % specifiers which are substituted by the following values when "
"a core file is created:"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man5/core.5:111
#, no-wrap
msgid "%%"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:114
msgid "a single % character"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man5/core.5:114
#, no-wrap
msgid "%p"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:117
msgid "PID of dumped process"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man5/core.5:117
#, no-wrap
msgid "%u"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:120
msgid "(numeric) real UID of dumped process"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man5/core.5:120
#, no-wrap
msgid "%g"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:123
msgid "(numeric) real GID of dumped process"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man5/core.5:123
#, no-wrap
msgid "%s"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:126
msgid "number of signal causing dump"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man5/core.5:126
#, no-wrap
msgid "%t"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:130
msgid ""
"time of dump, expressed as seconds since the Epoch, 1970-01-01 00:00:00 "
"+0000 (UTC)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man5/core.5:130
#, no-wrap
msgid "%h"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:133
msgid "hostname (same as I<nodename> returned by B<uname>(2))"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man5/core.5:133
#, no-wrap
msgid "%e"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:136
msgid "executable filename (without path prefix)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man5/core.5:136
#, no-wrap
msgid "%E"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:140
msgid ""
"pathname of executable, with slashes (\\(aq/\\(aq) replaced by exclamation "
"marks (\\(aq!\\(aq)."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man5/core.5:140
#, no-wrap
msgid "%c"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:143
msgid "core file size soft resource limit of crashing process (since Linux 2.6.24)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:162
msgid ""
"A single % at the end of the template is dropped from the core filename, as "
"is the combination of a % followed by any character other than those listed "
"above.  All other characters in the template become a literal part of the "
"core filename.  The template may include \\(aq/\\(aq characters, which are "
"interpreted as delimiters for directory names.  The maximum size of the "
"resulting core filename is 128 bytes (64 bytes in kernels before 2.6.19).  "
"The default value in this file is \"core\".  For backward compatibility, if "
"I</proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern> does not include \"%p\" and "
"I</proc/sys/kernel/core_uses_pid> (see below)  is nonzero, then .PID will be "
"appended to the core filename."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:173
msgid ""
"Since version 2.4, Linux has also provided a more primitive method of "
"controlling the name of the core dump file.  If the "
"I</proc/sys/kernel/core_uses_pid> file contains the value 0, then a core "
"dump file is simply named I<core>.  If this file contains a nonzero value, "
"then the core dump file includes the process ID in a name of the form "
"I<core.PID>."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man5/core.5:173
#, no-wrap
msgid "Piping core dumps to a program"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:183
msgid ""
"Since kernel 2.6.19, Linux supports an alternate syntax for the "
"I</proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern> file.  If the first character of this file "
"is a pipe symbol (B<|>), then the remainder of the line is interpreted as a "
"program to be executed.  Instead of being written to a disk file, the core "
"dump is given as standard input to the program.  Note the following points:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:187
msgid ""
"The program must be specified using an absolute pathname (or a pathname "
"relative to the root directory, I</>), and must immediately follow the '|' "
"character."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:190
msgid "The process created to run the program runs as user and group I<root>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:194
msgid ""
"Command-line arguments can be supplied to the program (since kernel 2.6.24), "
"delimited by white space (up to a total line length of 128 bytes)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:200
msgid ""
"The command-line arguments can include any of the % specifiers listed "
"above.  For example, to pass the PID of the process that is being dumped, "
"specify I<%p> in an argument."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man5/core.5:200
#, no-wrap
msgid "Controlling which mappings are written to the core dump"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:206
msgid ""
"Since kernel 2.6.23, the Linux-specific I</proc/PID/coredump_filter> file "
"can be used to control which memory segments are written to the core dump "
"file in the event that a core dump is performed for the process with the "
"corresponding process ID."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:212
msgid ""
"The value in the file is a bit mask of memory mapping types (see "
"B<mmap>(2)).  If a bit is set in the mask, then memory mappings of the "
"corresponding type are dumped; otherwise they are not dumped.  The bits in "
"this file have the following meanings:"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man5/core.5:215
#, no-wrap
msgid "bit 0"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:218
msgid "Dump anonymous private mappings."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man5/core.5:218
#, no-wrap
msgid "bit 1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:221
msgid "Dump anonymous shared mappings."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man5/core.5:221
#, no-wrap
msgid "bit 2"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:224
msgid "Dump file-backed private mappings."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man5/core.5:224
#, no-wrap
msgid "bit 3"
msgstr ""

#.  file-backed shared mappings of course also update the underlying
#.  mapped file.
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:229
msgid "Dump file-backed shared mappings."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man5/core.5:229
#, no-wrap
msgid "bit 4 (since Linux 2.6.24)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:232
msgid "Dump ELF headers."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man5/core.5:232
#, no-wrap
msgid "bit 5 (since Linux 2.6.28)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:235
msgid "Dump private huge pages."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man5/core.5:235
#, no-wrap
msgid "bit 6 (since Linux 2.6.28)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:238
msgid "Dump shared huge pages."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:246
msgid ""
"By default, the following bits are set: 0, 1, 4 (if the "
"B<CONFIG_CORE_DUMP_DEFAULT_ELF_HEADERS> kernel configuration option is "
"enabled), and 5.  The value of this file is displayed in hexadecimal.  (The "
"default value is thus displayed as 33.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:251
msgid ""
"Memory-mapped I/O pages such as frame buffer are never dumped, and virtual "
"DSO pages are always dumped, regardless of the I<coredump_filter> value."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:261
msgid ""
"A child process created via B<fork>(2)  inherits its parent's "
"I<coredump_filter> value; the I<coredump_filter> value is preserved across "
"an B<execve>(2)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:265
msgid ""
"It can be useful to set I<coredump_filter> in the parent shell before "
"running a program, for example:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:270
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$B< echo 0x7 E<gt> /proc/self/coredump_filter>\n"
"$B< ./some_program>\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:276
msgid ""
"This file is only provided if the kernel was built with the "
"B<CONFIG_ELF_CORE> configuration option."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:281
msgid ""
"The B<gdb>(1)  I<gcore> command can be used to obtain a core dump of a "
"running process."
msgstr ""

#.  Always including the PID in the name of the core file made
#.  sense for LinuxThreads, where each thread had a unique PID,
#.  but doesn't seem to serve any purpose with NPTL, where all the
#.  threads in a process share the same PID (as POSIX.1 requires).
#.  Probably the behavior is maintained so that applications using
#.  LinuxThreads continue appending the PID (the kernel has no easy
#.  way of telling which threading implementation the userspace
#.  application is using). -- mtk, April 2006
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:301
msgid ""
"If a multithreaded process (or, more precisely, a process that shares its "
"memory with another process by being created with the B<CLONE_VM> flag of "
"B<clone>(2))  dumps core, then the process ID is always appended to the core "
"filename, unless the process ID was already included elsewhere in the "
"filename via a %p specification in I</proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern>.  (This "
"is primarily useful when employing the LinuxThreads implementation, where "
"each thread of a process has a different PID.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: build/C/man5/core.5:301 build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:50 build/C/man3/stdarg.3:272 build/C/man4/vcs.4:88
#, no-wrap
msgid "EXAMPLE"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:309
msgid ""
"The program below can be used to demonstrate the use of the pipe syntax in "
"the I</proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern> file.  The following shell session "
"demonstrates the use of this program (compiled to create an executable named "
"I<core_pattern_pipe_test>):"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:330
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$B< cc -o core_pattern_pipe_test core_pattern_pipe_test.c>\n"
"$B< su>\n"
"Password:\n"
"#B< echo \"|$PWD/core_pattern_pipe_test %p UID=%u GID=%g sig=%s\" E<gt> "
"\\e>\n"
"B</proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern>\n"
"#B< exit>\n"
"$B< sleep 100>\n"
"B<^\\e>                     # type control-backslash\n"
"Quit (core dumped)\n"
"$B< cat core.info>\n"
"argc=5\n"
"argc[0]=E<lt>/home/mtk/core_pattern_pipe_testE<gt>\n"
"argc[1]=E<lt>20575E<gt>\n"
"argc[2]=E<lt>UID=1000E<gt>\n"
"argc[3]=E<lt>GID=100E<gt>\n"
"argc[4]=E<lt>sig=3E<gt>\n"
"Total bytes in core dump: 282624\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man5/core.5:332 build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:60
#, no-wrap
msgid "Program source"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:336
#, no-wrap
msgid "/* core_pattern_pipe_test.c */\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:344
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"#define _GNU_SOURCE\n"
"#include E<lt>sys/stat.hE<gt>\n"
"#include E<lt>fcntl.hE<gt>\n"
"#include E<lt>limits.hE<gt>\n"
"#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
"#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
"#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:346
#, no-wrap
msgid "#define BUF_SIZE 1024\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:355
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"int\n"
"main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
"{\n"
"    int tot, j;\n"
"    ssize_t nread;\n"
"    char buf[BUF_SIZE];\n"
"    FILE *fp;\n"
"    char cwd[PATH_MAX];\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:358
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    /* Change our current working directory to that of the\n"
"       crashing process */\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:361
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    snprintf(cwd, PATH_MAX, \"/proc/%s/cwd\", argv[1]);\n"
"    chdir(cwd);\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:363
#, no-wrap
msgid "    /* Write output to file \"core.info\" in that directory */\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:367
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    fp = fopen(\"core.info\", \"w+\");\n"
"    if (fp == NULL)\n"
"        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:370
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    /* Display command-line arguments given to core_pattern\n"
"       pipe program */\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:374
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    fprintf(fp, \"argc=%d\\en\", argc);\n"
"    for (j = 0; j E<lt> argc; j++)\n"
"        fprintf(fp, \"argc[%d]=E<lt>%sE<gt>\\en\", j, argv[j]);\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:376
#, no-wrap
msgid "    /* Count bytes in standard input (the core dump) */\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:381
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    tot = 0;\n"
"    while ((nread = read(STDIN_FILENO, buf, BUF_SIZE)) E<gt> 0)\n"
"        tot += nread;\n"
"    fprintf(fp, \"Total bytes in core dump: %d\\en\", tot);\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:384
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
"}\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man5/core.5:396
msgid ""
"B<bash>(1), B<gdb>(1), B<getrlimit>(2), B<mmap>(2), B<prctl>(2), "
"B<sigaction>(2), B<elf>(5), B<proc>(5), B<pthreads>(7), B<signal>(7)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/cpuid.4:24
#, no-wrap
msgid "CPUID"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/cpuid.4:24 build/C/man4/msr.4:24
#, no-wrap
msgid "2009-03-31"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cpuid.4:27
msgid "cpuid - x86 CPUID access device"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cpuid.4:29
msgid "CPUID provides an interface for querying information about the x86 CPU."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cpuid.4:36
msgid ""
"This device is accessed by B<lseek (2)> or B<pread (2)> to the appropriate "
"CPUID level and reading in chunks of 16 bytes.  A larger read size means "
"multiple reads of consecutive levels."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cpuid.4:45
msgid ""
"The lower 32 bits of the file position is used as the incoming I<%eax>, and "
"the upper 32 bits of the file position as the incoming I<%ecx>, the latter "
"intended for \"counting\" I<eax> levels like I<eax=4>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cpuid.4:55
msgid ""
"This driver uses I</dev/cpu/CPUNUM/cpuid>, where I<CPUNUM> is the minor "
"number, and on an SMP box will direct the access to CPU I<CPUNUM> as listed "
"in I</proc/cpuinfo>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cpuid.4:60
msgid ""
"This file is protected so that it can only be read by the user I<root>, or "
"members of the group I<root>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cpuid.4:65
msgid ""
"The CPUID instruction can be directly executed by a program using inline "
"assembler.  However this device allows convenient access to all CPUs without "
"changing process affinity."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cpuid.4:74
msgid ""
"Most of the information in I<cpuid> is reported by the kernel in cooked form "
"either in I</proc/cpuinfo> or through subdirectories in "
"I</sys/devices/system/cpu>.  Direct CPUID access through this device should "
"only be used in exceptional cases."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cpuid.4:80
msgid ""
"The I<cpuid> driver is not auto-loaded.  On modular kernels you might need "
"to use the following command to load it explicitly before use:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cpuid.4:82
#, no-wrap
msgid "     $ I<modprobe cpuid>\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cpuid.4:85
msgid ""
"There is no support for CPUID functions that require additional input "
"registers."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cpuid.4:87
msgid "Very old x86 CPUs don't support CPUID."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cpuid.4:91
msgid ""
"Intel Corporation, Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's "
"Manual Volume 2A: Instruction Set Reference, A-M, 3-180 CPUID reference."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/cpuid.4:94
msgid ""
"Intel Corporation, Intel Processor Identification and the CPUID Instruction, "
"Application note 485."
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:26
#, no-wrap
msgid "DSP56K"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:26
#, no-wrap
msgid "2000-03-01"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:29
msgid "dsp56k - DSP56001 interface device"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:32
#, no-wrap
msgid "#include E<lt>asm/dsp56k.hE<gt>\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:35
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"B<ssize_t read(int >I<fd>B<, void *>I<data>B<, size_t >I<length>B<);>\n"
"B<ssize_t write(int >I<fd>B<, void *>I<data>B<, size_t >I<length>B<);>\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:41
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, DSP56K_UPLOAD, struct dsp56k_upload "
"*>I<program>B<);>\n"
"B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, DSP56K_SET_TX_WSIZE, int >I<wsize>B<);>\n"
"B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, DSP56K_SET_RX_WSIZE, int >I<wsize>B<);>\n"
"B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, DSP56K_HOST_FLAGS, struct dsp56k_host_flags "
"*>I<flags>B<);>\n"
"B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, DSP56K_HOST_CMD, int >I<cmd>B<);>\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:42 build/C/man4/fd.4:30 build/C/man4/full.4:29 build/C/man4/initrd.4:37 build/C/man4/lp.4:31 build/C/man4/mouse.4:28 build/C/man4/sd.4:32
#, no-wrap
msgid "CONFIGURATION"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:45
msgid ""
"The dsp56k device is a character device with major number 55 and minor "
"number 0."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:51
msgid ""
"The Motorola DSP56001 is a fully programmable 24-bit digital signal "
"processor found in Atari Falcon030-compatible computers.  The I<dsp56k> "
"special file is used to control the DSP56001, and to send and receive data "
"using the bidirectional handshaked host port."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:61
msgid ""
"To send a data stream to the signal processor, use B<write>(2)  to the "
"device, and B<read>(2)  to receive processed data.  The data can be sent or "
"received in 8, 16, 24, or 32-bit quantities on the host side, but will "
"always be seen as 24-bit quantities in the DSP56001."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:66
msgid "The following B<ioctl>(2)  calls are used to control the I<dsp56k> device:"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:66
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<DSP56K_UPLOAD>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:73
msgid ""
"resets the DSP56001 and uploads a program.  The third B<ioctl>(2)  argument "
"must be a pointer to a I<struct dsp56k_binary> with members I<bin> pointing "
"to a DSP56001 binary program, and I<len> set to the length of the program, "
"counted in 24-bit words."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:73
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<DSP56K_SET_TX_WSIZE>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:81
msgid ""
"sets the transmit word size.  Allowed values are in the range 1 to 4, and is "
"the number of bytes that will be sent at a time to the DSP56001.  These data "
"quantities will either be padded with zero bytes, or truncated to fit the "
"native 24-bit data format of the DSP56001."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:81
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<DSP56K_SET_RX_WSIZE>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:88
msgid ""
"sets the receive word size.  Allowed values are in the range 1 to 4, and is "
"the number of bytes that will be received at a time from the DSP56001.  "
"These data quantities will either truncated, or padded with a null byte "
"(\\(aq\\e0\\(aq) to fit the native 24-bit data format of the DSP56001."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:88
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<DSP56K_HOST_FLAGS>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:95
msgid ""
"read and write the host flags.  The host flags are four general-purpose bits "
"that can be read by both the hosting computer and the DSP56001.  Bits 0 and "
"1 can be written by the host, and bits 2 and 3 can be written by the "
"DSP56001."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:105
msgid ""
"To access the host flags, the third B<ioctl>(2)  argument must be a pointer "
"to a I<struct dsp56k_host_flags>.  If bit 0 or 1 is set in the I<dir> "
"member, the corresponding bit in I<out> will be written to the host flags.  "
"The state of all host flags will be returned in the lower four bits of the "
"I<status> member."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:105
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<DSP56K_HOST_CMD>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:109
msgid ""
"sends a host command.  Allowed values are in the range 0 to 31, and is a "
"user-defined command handled by the program running in the DSP56001."
msgstr ""

#.  .SH AUTHORS
#.  Fredrik Noring <noring@nocrew.org>, lars brinkhoff <lars@nocrew.org>,
#.  Tomas Berndtsson <tomas@nocrew.org>.
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:114
msgid "/dev/dsp56k"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:119
msgid ""
"I<linux/include/asm-m68k/dsp56k.h>, I<linux/drivers/char/dsp56k.c>, "
"I<http://dsp56k.nocrew.org/>, DSP56000/DSP56001 Digital Signal Processor "
"User's Manual"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:27
#, no-wrap
msgid "FD"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:27 build/C/man4/random.4:17
#, no-wrap
msgid "2010-08-29"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:30
msgid "fd - floppy disk device"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:47
msgid ""
"Floppy drives are block devices with major number 2.  Typically they are "
"owned by I<root.floppy> (i.e., user root, group floppy) and have either mode "
"0660 (access checking via group membership) or mode 0666 (everybody has "
"access).  The minor numbers encode the device type, drive number, and "
"controller number.  For each device type (that is, combination of density "
"and track count)  there is a base minor number.  To this base number, add "
"the drive's number on its controller and 128 if the drive is on the "
"secondary controller.  In the following device tables, I<n> represents the "
"drive number."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:54
msgid ""
"B<Warning: If you use formats with more tracks than supported by your drive, "
"you may cause it mechanical damage.> Trying once if more tracks than the "
"usual 40/80 are supported should not damage it, but no warranty is given for "
"that.  If you are not sure, don't create device entries for those formats, "
"so as to prevent their usage."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:57
msgid ""
"Drive-independent device files which automatically detect the media format "
"and capacity:"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:59
#, no-wrap
msgid "Name\tBase minor #\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:60 build/C/man4/fd.4:68 build/C/man4/fd.4:76 build/C/man4/fd.4:93 build/C/man4/fd.4:105 build/C/man4/fd.4:124
#, no-wrap
msgid "_\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:61
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<fd>I<n>\t0\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:65
msgid "5.25 inch double density device files:"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:67 build/C/man4/fd.4:75 build/C/man4/fd.4:92 build/C/man4/fd.4:104 build/C/man4/fd.4:123
#, no-wrap
msgid "Name\tCapac.\tCyl.\tSect.\tHeads\tBase minor #\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:69
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<d360>\t360K\t40\t9\t2\t4\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:73
msgid "5.25 inch high density device files:"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:77
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<h360>\t360K\t40\t9\t2\t20\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:78
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<h410>\t410K\t41\t10\t2\t48\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:79
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<h420>\t420K\t42\t10\t2\t64\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:80
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<h720>\t720K\t80\t9\t2\t24\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:81
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<h880>\t880K\t80\t11\t2\t80\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:82
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<h1200>\t1200K\t80\t15\t2\t8\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:83
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<h1440>\t1440K\t80\t18\t2\t40\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:84
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<h1476>\t1476K\t82\t18\t2\t56\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:85
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<h1494>\t1494K\t83\t18\t2\t72\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:86
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<h1600>\t1600K\t80\t20\t2\t92\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:90
msgid "3.5 inch double density device files:"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:94
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<D360>\t360K\t80\t9\t1\t12\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:95
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<D720>\t720K\t80\t9\t2\t16\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:96
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<D800>\t800K\t80\t10\t2\t120\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:97
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<D1040>\t1040K\t80\t13\t2\t84\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:98
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<D1120>\t1120K\t80\t14\t2\t88\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:102
msgid "3.5 inch high density device files:"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:106
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<H360>\t360K\t40\t9\t2\t12\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:107
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<H720>\t720K\t80\t9\t2\t16\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:108
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<H820>\t820K\t82\t10\t2\t52\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:109
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<H830>\t830K\t83\t10\t2\t68\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:110
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<H1440>\t1440K\t80\t18\t2\t28\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:111
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<H1600>\t1600K\t80\t20\t2\t124\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:112
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<H1680>\t1680K\t80\t21\t2\t44\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:113
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<H1722>\t1722K\t82\t21\t2\t60\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:114
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<H1743>\t1743K\t83\t21\t2\t76\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:115
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<H1760>\t1760K\t80\t22\t2\t96\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:116
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<H1840>\t1840K\t80\t23\t2\t116\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:117
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<H1920>\t1920K\t80\t24\t2\t100\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:121
msgid "3.5 inch extra density device files:"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:125
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<E2880>\t2880K\t80\t36\t2\t32\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:126
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<CompaQ>\t2880K\t80\t36\t2\t36\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:127
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<E3200>\t3200K\t80\t40\t2\t104\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:128
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<E3520>\t3520K\t80\t44\t2\t108\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:129
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<E3840>\t3840K\t80\t48\t2\t112\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:136
msgid ""
"B<fd> special files access the floppy disk drives in raw mode.  The "
"following B<ioctl>(2)  calls are supported by B<fd> devices:"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:136
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<FDCLRPRM>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:138
msgid "clears the media information of a drive (geometry of disk in drive)."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:138
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<FDSETPRM>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:142
msgid ""
"sets the media information of a drive.  The media information will be lost "
"when the media is changed."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:142
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<FDDEFPRM>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:148
msgid ""
"sets the media information of a drive (geometry of disk in drive).  The "
"media information will not be lost when the media is changed.  This will "
"disable autodetection.  In order to reenable autodetection, you have to "
"issue an B<FDCLRPRM>."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:148 build/C/man4/fd.4:160
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<FDGETDRVTYP>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:153
msgid ""
"returns the type of a drive (name parameter).  For formats which work in "
"several drive types, B<FDGETDRVTYP> returns a name which is appropriate for "
"the oldest drive type which supports this format."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:153
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<FDFLUSH>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:155
msgid "invalidates the buffer cache for the given drive."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:155 build/C/man4/fd.4:158
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<FDSETMAXERRS>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:158
msgid ""
"sets the error thresholds for reporting errors, aborting the operation, "
"recalibrating, resetting, and reading sector by sector."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:160
msgid "gets the current error thresholds."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:162
msgid "gets the internal name of the drive."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:162
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<FDWERRORCLR>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:164
msgid "clears the write error statistics."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:164
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<FDWERRORGET>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:171
msgid ""
"reads the write error statistics.  These include the total number of write "
"errors, the location and disk of the first write error, and the location and "
"disk of the last write error.  Disks are identified by a generation number "
"which is incremented at (almost) each disk change."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:171
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<FDTWADDLE>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:175
msgid ""
"Switch the drive motor off for a few microseconds.  This might be needed in "
"order to access a disk whose sectors are too close together."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:175
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<FDSETDRVPRM>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:177
msgid "sets various drive parameters."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:177
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<FDGETDRVPRM>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:179
msgid "reads these parameters back."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:179
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<FDGETDRVSTAT>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:181
msgid "gets the cached drive state (disk changed, write protected et al.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:181
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<FDPOLLDRVSTAT>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:183
msgid "polls the drive and return its state."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:183
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<FDGETFDCSTAT>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:185
msgid "gets the floppy controller state."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:185
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<FDRESET>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:187
msgid "resets the floppy controller under certain conditions."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:187
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<FDRAWCMD>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:189
msgid "sends a raw command to the floppy controller."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:194
msgid ""
"For more precise information, consult also the I<E<lt>linux/fd.hE<gt>> and "
"I<E<lt>linux/fdreg.hE<gt>> include files, as well as the B<floppycontrol>(1)  "
"manual page."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:196
msgid "/dev/fd*"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:202
msgid ""
"The various formats permit reading and writing many types of disks.  "
"However, if a floppy is formatted with an inter-sector gap that is too "
"small, performance may drop, to the point of needing a few seconds to access "
"an entire track.  To prevent this, use interleaved formats."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:206
msgid ""
"It is not possible to read floppies which are formatted using GCR (group "
"code recording), which is used by Apple II and Macintosh computers (800k "
"disks)."
msgstr ""

#.  .SH AUTHORS
#.  Alain Knaff (Alain.Knaff@imag.fr), David Niemi
#.  (niemidc@clark.net), Bill Broadhurst (bbroad@netcom.com).
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:213
msgid ""
"Reading floppies which are hard sectored (one hole per sector, with the "
"index hole being a little skewed) is not supported.  This used to be common "
"with older 8-inch floppies."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/fd.4:221
msgid ""
"B<chown>(1), B<floppycontrol>(1), B<getfdprm>(1), B<mknod>(1), "
"B<superformat>(1), B<mount>(8), B<setfdprm>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man7/fifo.7:10
#, no-wrap
msgid "FIFO"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man7/fifo.7:10
#, no-wrap
msgid "2008-12-03"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/fifo.7:13
msgid "fifo - first-in first-out special file, named pipe"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/fifo.7:25
msgid ""
"A FIFO special file (a named pipe) is similar to a pipe, except that it is "
"accessed as part of the file system.  It can be opened by multiple processes "
"for reading or writing.  When processes are exchanging data via the FIFO, "
"the kernel passes all data internally without writing it to the file "
"system.  Thus, the FIFO special file has no contents on the file system; the "
"file system entry merely serves as a reference point so that processes can "
"access the pipe using a name in the file system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/fifo.7:32
msgid ""
"The kernel maintains exactly one pipe object for each FIFO special file that "
"is opened by at least one process.  The FIFO must be opened on both ends "
"(reading and writing)  before data can be passed.  Normally, opening the "
"FIFO blocks until the other end is opened also."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/fifo.7:41
msgid ""
"A process can open a FIFO in nonblocking mode.  In this case, opening for "
"read only will succeed even if no-one has opened on the write side yet, "
"opening for write only will fail with B<ENXIO> (no such device or address) "
"unless the other end has already been opened."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/fifo.7:51
msgid ""
"Under Linux, opening a FIFO for read and write will succeed both in blocking "
"and nonblocking mode.  POSIX leaves this behavior undefined.  This can be "
"used to open a FIFO for writing while there are no readers available.  A "
"process that uses both ends of the connection in order to communicate with "
"itself should be very careful to avoid deadlocks."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/fifo.7:56
msgid ""
"When a process tries to write to a FIFO that is not opened for read on the "
"other side, the process is sent a B<SIGPIPE> signal."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/fifo.7:62
msgid ""
"FIFO special files can be created by B<mkfifo>(3), and are indicated by I<ls "
"-l> with the file type \\(aqp\\(aq."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/fifo.7:71
msgid ""
"B<mkfifo>(1), B<open>(2), B<pipe>(2), B<sigaction>(2), B<signal>(2), "
"B<socketpair>(2), B<mkfifo>(3), B<pipe>(7)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/full.4:26
#, no-wrap
msgid "FULL"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/full.4:26
#, no-wrap
msgid "2007-11-24"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/full.4:29
msgid "full - always full device"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/full.4:32
msgid ""
"If your system does not have I</dev/full> created already, it can be created "
"with the following commands:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/full.4:36
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"        mknod -m 666 /dev/full c 1 7\n"
"        chown root:root /dev/full\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/full.4:40
msgid "File I</dev/full> has major device number 1 and minor device number 7."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/full.4:45
msgid ""
"Writes to the I</dev/full> device will fail with an B<ENOSPC> error.  This "
"can be used to test how a program handles disk-full errors."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/full.4:47
msgid "Reads from the I</dev/full> device will return \\e0 characters."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/full.4:49
msgid "Seeks on I</dev/full> will always succeed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/full.4:51
msgid "/dev/full"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/full.4:55
msgid "B<mknod>(1), B<null>(4), B<zero>(4)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:24
#, no-wrap
msgid "GNU_GET_LIBC_VERSION"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:24 build/C/man3/makedev.3:24
#, no-wrap
msgid "2010-09-10"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:27
msgid "gnu_get_libc_version, gnu_get_libc_release - get glibc version and release"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:31
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"B<#define _GNU_SOURCE>             /* See feature_test_macros(7) */\n"
"B<#include E<lt>gnu/libc-version.hE<gt>>\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:34
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"B<const char *gnu_get_libc_version(void);>\n"
"B<const char *gnu_get_libc_release(void);>\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:39
msgid ""
"The function B<gnu_get_libc_version>()  returns a string that identifies the "
"glibc version available on the system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:46
msgid ""
"The function B<gnu_get_libc_release>()  returns a string indicates the "
"release status of the glibc version available on the system.  This will be a "
"string such as I<stable>."
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:46 build/C/man4/vcs.4:86
#, no-wrap
msgid "VERSIONS"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:48
msgid "These functions first appeared in glibc in version 2.1."
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:48 build/C/man3/makedev.3:61 build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:100 build/C/man2/mknod.2:172 build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:67 build/C/man3/stdarg.3:210 build/C/man2/syslog.2:257 build/C/man3/syslog.3:245 build/C/man7/uri.7:579
#, no-wrap
msgid "CONFORMING TO"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:50
msgid "These functions are glibc-specific."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:52
msgid "When run, the program below will produce output such as the following:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:58
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$B< ./a.out>\n"
"GNU libc version: 2.8\n"
"GNU libc release: stable\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:66
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"#include E<lt>gnu/libc-version.hE<gt>\n"
"#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
"#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:74
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"int\n"
"main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
"{\n"
"    printf(\"GNU libc version: %s\\en\", gnu_get_libc_version());\n"
"    printf(\"GNU libc release: %s\\en\", gnu_get_libc_release());\n"
"    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
"}\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:77
msgid "B<confstr>(3)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/hd.4:28
#, no-wrap
msgid "HD"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/hd.4:28 build/C/man4/sd.4:24
#, no-wrap
msgid "1992-12-17"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hd.4:31
msgid "hd - MFM/IDE hard disk devices"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hd.4:38
msgid ""
"The B<hd*> devices are block devices to access MFM/IDE hard disk drives in "
"raw mode.  The master drive on the primary IDE controller (major device "
"number 3) is B<hda>; the slave drive is B<hdb>.  The master drive of the "
"second controller (major device number 22)  is B<hdc> and the slave B<hdd>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hd.4:62
msgid ""
"General IDE block device names have the form B<hd>I<X>, or B<hd>I<XP>, where "
"I<X> is a letter denoting the physical drive, and I<P> is a number denoting "
"the partition on that physical drive.  The first form, B<hd>I<X,> is used to "
"address the whole drive.  Partition numbers are assigned in the order the "
"partitions are discovered, and only nonempty, nonextended partitions get a "
"number.  However, partition numbers 1-4 are given to the four partitions "
"described in the MBR (the \"primary\" partitions), regardless of whether "
"they are unused or extended.  Thus, the first logical partition will be "
"B<hd>I<X>B<5>\\&.  Both DOS-type partitioning and BSD-disklabel partitioning "
"are supported.  You can have at most 63 partitions on an IDE disk."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hd.4:68
msgid ""
"For example, I</dev/hda> refers to all of the first IDE drive in the system; "
"and I</dev/hdb3> refers to the third DOS \"primary\" partition on the second "
"one."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hd.4:70 build/C/man4/ttyS.4:32
msgid "They are typically created by:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hd.4:73
msgid "mknod -m 660 /dev/hda b 3 0"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hd.4:75
msgid "mknod -m 660 /dev/hda1 b 3 1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hd.4:77
msgid "mknod -m 660 /dev/hda2 b 3 2"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hd.4:79 build/C/man4/hd.4:89
msgid "\\&..."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hd.4:81
msgid "mknod -m 660 /dev/hda8 b 3 8"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hd.4:83
msgid "mknod -m 660 /dev/hdb b 3 64"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hd.4:85
msgid "mknod -m 660 /dev/hdb1 b 3 65"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hd.4:87
msgid "mknod -m 660 /dev/hdb2 b 3 66"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hd.4:91
msgid "mknod -m 660 /dev/hdb8 b 3 72"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hd.4:93
msgid "chown root:disk /dev/hd*"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hd.4:96
msgid "/dev/hd*"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hd.4:101
msgid "B<chown>(1), B<mknod>(1), B<sd>(4), B<mount>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:7
#, no-wrap
msgid "HPSA"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:10
msgid "hpsa - HP Smart Array SCSI driver"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:13
#, no-wrap
msgid "modprobe hpsa [ hpsa_allow_any=1 ]\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:17
msgid "B<hpsa> is a SCSI driver for HP Smart Array RAID controllers."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:36
msgid ""
"I<hpsa_allow_any=1>: This option allows the driver to attempt to operate on "
"any HP Smart Array hardware RAID controller, even if it is not explicitly "
"known to the driver.  This allows newer hardware to work with older "
"drivers.  Typically this is used to allow installation of operating systems "
"from media that predates the RAID controller, though it may also be used to "
"enable B<hpsa> to drive older controllers that would normally be handled by "
"the B<cciss>(4)  driver.  These older boards have not been tested and are "
"not supported with B<hpsa>, and B<cciss>(4)  should still be used for these."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:40
msgid "The B<hpsa> driver supports the following Smart Array boards:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:51
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    Smart Array P700M\n"
"    Smart Array P212\n"
"    Smart Array P410\n"
"    Smart Array P410i\n"
"    Smart Array P411\n"
"    Smart Array P812\n"
"    Smart Array P712m\n"
"    Smart Array P711m\n"
"    StorageWorks P1210m\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:76
msgid ""
"Logical drives are accessed via the SCSI disk driver (B<sd>(4)), tape drives "
"via the SCSI tape driver (B<st>(4)), and the RAID controller via the SCSI "
"generic driver (B<sg>(4)), with device nodes named I</dev/sd*,> I</dev/st*>, "
"and I</dev/sg*>, respectively."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:76
#, no-wrap
msgid "HPSA-Specific Host Attribute Files in /sys"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:77
#, no-wrap
msgid "I</sys/class/scsi_host/host*/rescan>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:91
msgid ""
"This is a write-only attribute.  Writing to this attribute will cause the "
"driver to scan for new, changed, or removed devices (e.g. hot-plugged tape "
"drives, or newly configured or deleted logical drives, etc.)  and notify the "
"SCSI midlayer of any changes detected.  Normally a rescan is triggered "
"automatically by HP's Array Configuration Utility (either the GUI or the "
"command-line variety); thus, for logical drive changes, the user should not "
"normally have to use this attribute.  This attribute may be useful when hot "
"plugging devices like tape drives, or entire storage boxes containing "
"pre-configured logical drives."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:91
#, no-wrap
msgid "I</sys/class/scsi_host/host*/firmware_revision>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:94
msgid "This attribute contains the firmware version of the Smart Array."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:96
msgid "For example:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:101
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    # B<cd /sys/class/scsi_host/host4>\n"
"    # B<cat firmware_revision>\n"
"    7.14\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:103
#, no-wrap
msgid "HPSA-Specific Disk Attribute Files in /sys"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:104
#, no-wrap
msgid "I</sys/class/scsi_disk/c:b:t:l/device/unique_id>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:107
msgid "This attribute contains a 32 hex-digit unique ID for each logical drive."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:110 build/C/man4/hpsa.4:121 build/C/man4/hpsa.4:135
#, no-wrap
msgid "For example:\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:114
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    # B<cd /sys/class/scsi_disk/4:0:0:0/device>\n"
"    # B<cat unique_id>\n"
"    600508B1001044395355323037570F77\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:115
#, no-wrap
msgid "I</sys/class/scsi_disk/c:b:t:l/device/raid_level>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:118
msgid "This attribute contains the RAID level of each logical drive."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:125
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    # B<cd /sys/class/scsi_disk/4:0:0:0/device>\n"
"    # B<cat raid_level>\n"
"    RAID 0\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:126
#, no-wrap
msgid "I</sys/class/scsi_disk/c:b:t:l/device/lunid>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:132
msgid ""
"This attribute contains the 16 hex-digit (8 byte) LUN ID by which a logical "
"drive or physical device can be addressed.  I<c>:I<b>:I<t>:I<l> are the "
"controller, bus, target and lun of the device."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:139
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    # B<cd /sys/class/scsi_disk/4:0:0:0/device>\n"
"    # B<cat lunid>\n"
"    0x0000004000000000\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:140
#, no-wrap
msgid "Supported ioctl() operations"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:152
msgid ""
"For compatibility with applications written for the B<cciss>(4)  driver, "
"many, but not all of the ioctls supported by the B<cciss>(4)  driver are "
"also supported by the B<hpsa> driver.  The data structures used by these "
"ioctls are described in the kernel source file "
"I<include/linux/cciss_ioctl.h>."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:152
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CCISS_DEREGDISK>, B<CCISS_REGNEWDISK>, B<CCISS_REGNEWD>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:158
msgid ""
"These three ioctls all do exactly the same thing, which is to cause the "
"driver to rescan for new devices.  This does exactly the same thing as "
"writing to the hpsa-specific host \"rescan\" attribute."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:158
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CCISS_GETPCIINFO>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:161
msgid ""
"Returns PCI domain, bus, device and function and \"board ID\" (PCI subsystem "
"ID)."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:161
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CCISS_GETDRIVVER>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:164
msgid "Returns driver version in three bytes encoded as:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:167
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    (major_version E<lt>E<lt> 16) | (minor_version E<lt>E<lt> 8) |\n"
"        (subminor_version)\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:167
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CCISS_PASSTHRU>, B<CCISS_BIG_PASSTHRU>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:177
msgid ""
"Allows \"BMIC\" and \"CISS\" commands to be passed through to the Smart "
"Array.  These are used extensively by the HP Array Configuration Utility, "
"SNMP storage agents, etc.  See I<cciss_vol_status> at I<http://cciss.sf.net> "
"for some examples."
msgstr ""

#.  .SH AUTHORS
#.  Don Brace, Steve Cameron, Tom Lawler, Mike Miller, Scott Teel
#.  and probably some other people.
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:192
msgid ""
"B<cciss>(4), B<sd>(4), B<st>(4), B<cciss_vol_status>(8), B<hpacucli>(8), "
"B<hpacuxe>(8), I<http://cciss.sf.net>, and the Linux kernel source files "
"I<Documentation/scsi/hpsa.txt> and "
"I<Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci-devices-cciss>"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:34
#, no-wrap
msgid "INITRD"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:34 build/C/man4/st.4:23
#, no-wrap
msgid "2010-09-04"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:37
msgid "initrd - boot loader initialized RAM disk"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:50
msgid ""
"The I</dev/initrd> is a read-only block device assigned major number 1 and "
"minor number 250.  Typically I</dev/initrd> is owned by I<root.disk> with "
"mode 0400 (read access by root only).  If the Linux system does not have "
"I</dev/initrd> already created, it can be created with the following "
"commands:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:55
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"B<\n"
"        mknod -m 400 /dev/initrd b 1 250\n"
"        chown root:disk /dev/initrd>\n"
"\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:70
msgid ""
"Also, support for both \"RAM disk\" and \"Initial RAM disk\" (e.g.  "
"B<CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM=y> and B<CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD=y>)  must be compiled "
"directly into the Linux kernel to use I</dev/initrd>.  When using "
"I</dev/initrd>, the RAM disk driver cannot be loaded as a module."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:79
msgid ""
"The special file I</dev/initrd> is a read-only block device.  This device is "
"a RAM disk that is initialized (e.g., loaded)  by the boot loader before the "
"kernel is started.  The kernel then can use I</dev/initrd>'s contents for a "
"two-phase system boot-up."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:92
msgid ""
"In the first boot-up phase, the kernel starts up and mounts an initial root "
"file-system from the contents of I</dev/initrd> (e.g., RAM disk initialized "
"by the boot loader).  In the second phase, additional drivers or other "
"modules are loaded from the initial root device's contents.  After loading "
"the additional modules, a new root file system (i.e., the normal root file "
"system) is mounted from a different device."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:92
#, no-wrap
msgid "Boot-up Operation"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:96
msgid "When booting up with B<initrd>, the system boots as follows:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:100
msgid ""
"The boot loader loads the kernel program and I</dev/initrd>'s contents into "
"memory."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:108
msgid ""
"On kernel startup, the kernel uncompresses and copies the contents of the "
"device I</dev/initrd> onto device I</dev/ram0> and then frees the memory "
"used by I</dev/initrd>."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:108 build/C/man4/initrd.4:338 build/C/man4/initrd.4:457 build/C/man4/st.4:918
#, no-wrap
msgid "3."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:112
msgid ""
"The kernel then read-write mounts the device I</dev/ram0> as the initial "
"root file system."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:112 build/C/man4/initrd.4:342 build/C/man4/st.4:925
#, no-wrap
msgid "4."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:117
msgid ""
"If the indicated normal root file system is also the initial root "
"file-system (e.g.  I</dev/ram0>)  then the kernel skips to the last step for "
"the usual boot sequence."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:117 build/C/man4/initrd.4:348 build/C/man4/st.4:930
#, no-wrap
msgid "5."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:129
msgid ""
"If the executable file I</linuxrc> is present in the initial root "
"file-system, I</linuxrc> is executed with UID 0.  (The file I</linuxrc> must "
"have executable permission.  The file I</linuxrc> can be any valid "
"executable, including a shell script.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:129 build/C/man4/initrd.4:357
#, no-wrap
msgid "6."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:141
msgid ""
"If I</linuxrc> is not executed or when I</linuxrc> terminates, the normal "
"root file system is mounted.  (If I</linuxrc> exits with any file-systems "
"mounted on the initial root file-system, then the behavior of the kernel is "
"B<UNSPECIFIED>.  See the NOTES section for the current kernel behavior.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:141 build/C/man4/initrd.4:359
#, no-wrap
msgid "7."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:172
msgid ""
"If the normal root file system has a directory I</initrd>, the device "
"I</dev/ram0> is moved from I</> to I</initrd>.  Otherwise if the directory "
"I</initrd> does not exist, the device I</dev/ram0> is unmounted.  (When "
"moved from I</> to I</initrd>, I</dev/ram0> is not unmounted and therefore "
"processes can remain running from I</dev/ram0>.  If directory I</initrd> "
"does not exist on the normal root file system and any processes remain "
"running from I</dev/ram0> when I</linuxrc> exits, the behavior of the kernel "
"is B<UNSPECIFIED>.  See the NOTES section for the current kernel behavior.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:172 build/C/man4/initrd.4:362
#, no-wrap
msgid "8."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:179
msgid ""
"The usual boot sequence (e.g., invocation of I</sbin/init>)  is performed on "
"the normal root file system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:183
msgid ""
"The following boot loader options, when used with B<initrd>, affect the "
"kernel's boot-up operation:"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:183
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<initrd=>I<filename>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:198
msgid ""
"Specifies the file to load as the contents of I</dev/initrd>.  For "
"B<LOADLIN> this is a command-line option.  For B<LILO> you have to use this "
"command in the B<LILO> configuration file I</etc/lilo.config>.  The filename "
"specified with this option will typically be a gzipped file-system image."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:198
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<noinitrd>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:213
msgid ""
"This boot option disables the two-phase boot-up operation.  The kernel "
"performs the usual boot sequence as if I</dev/initrd> was not initialized.  "
"With this option, any contents of I</dev/initrd> loaded into memory by the "
"boot loader contents are preserved.  This option permits the contents of "
"I</dev/initrd> to be any data and need not be limited to a file system "
"image.  However, device I</dev/initrd> is read-only and can be read only one "
"time after system startup."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:213
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<root=>I<device-name>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:231
msgid ""
"Specifies the device to be used as the normal root file system.  For "
"B<LOADLIN> this is a command-line option.  For B<LILO> this is a boot time "
"option or can be used as an option line in the B<LILO> configuration file "
"I</etc/lilo.config>.  The device specified by the this option must be a "
"mountable device having a suitable root file-system."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:231
#, no-wrap
msgid "Changing the Normal Root File System"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:251
msgid ""
"By default, the kernel's settings (e.g., set in the kernel file with "
"B<rdev>(8)  or compiled into the kernel file), or the boot loader option "
"setting is used for the normal root file systems.  For an NFS-mounted normal "
"root file system, one has to use the B<nfs_root_name> and B<nfs_root_addrs> "
"boot options to give the NFS settings.  For more information on NFS-mounted "
"root see the kernel documentation file "
"B<Documentation/filesystems/nfsroot.txt>.  For more information on setting "
"the root file system see also the B<LILO> and B<LOADLIN> documentation."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:283
msgid ""
"It is also possible for the I</linuxrc> executable to change the normal root "
"device.  For I</linuxrc> to change the normal root device, I</proc> must be "
"mounted.  After mounting I</proc>, I</linuxrc> changes the normal root "
"device by writing into the proc files I</proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev>, "
"I</proc/sys/kernel/nfs-root-name>, and I</proc/sys/kernel/nfs-root-addrs>.  "
"For a physical root device, the root device is changed by having I</linuxrc> "
"write the new root file system device number into "
"I</proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev>.  For an NFS root file system, the root "
"device is changed by having I</linuxrc> write the NFS setting into files "
"I</proc/sys/kernel/nfs-root-name> and I</proc/sys/kernel/nfs-root-addrs> and "
"then writing 0xff (e.g., the pseudo-NFS-device number) into file "
"I</proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev>.  For example, the following shell command "
"line would change the normal root device to I</dev/hdb1>:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:286
#, no-wrap
msgid "    echo 0x365 E<gt>/proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:293
msgid ""
"For an NFS example, the following shell command lines would change the "
"normal root device to the NFS directory I</var/nfsroot> on a local networked "
"NFS server with IP number 193.8.232.7 for a system with IP number "
"193.8.232.2 and named \"idefix\":"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:299
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    echo /var/nfsroot E<gt>/proc/sys/kernel/nfs-root-name\n"
"    echo 193.8.232.2:193.8.232.7::255.255.255.0:idefix \\e\n"
"        E<gt>/proc/sys/kernel/nfs-root-addrs\n"
"    echo 255 E<gt>/proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev\n"
msgstr ""

#.  FIXME the manual page should describe the pivot_root mechanism.
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:316
msgid ""
"B<Note>: The use of I</proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev> to change the root "
"file system is obsolete.  See the kernel source file "
"I<Documentation/initrd.txt> as well as B<pivot_root>(2)  and "
"B<pivot_root>(8)  for information on the modern method of changing the root "
"file system."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:316 build/C/man4/random.4:52 build/C/man7/uri.7:108
#, no-wrap
msgid "Usage"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:320
msgid ""
"The main motivation for implementing B<initrd> was to allow for modular "
"kernel configuration at system installation."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:322
msgid "A possible system installation scenario is as follows:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:330
msgid ""
"The loader program boots from floppy or other media with a minimal kernel "
"(e.g., support for I</dev/ram>, I</dev/initrd>, and the ext2 file-system) "
"and loads I</dev/initrd> with a gzipped version of the initial file-system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:338
msgid ""
"The executable I</linuxrc> determines what is needed to (1) mount the normal "
"root file-system (i.e., device type, device drivers, file system) and (2) "
"the distribution media (e.g., CD-ROM, network, tape, ...).  This can be done "
"by asking the user, by auto-probing, or by using a hybrid approach."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:342
msgid ""
"The executable I</linuxrc> loads the necessary modules from the initial root "
"file-system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:348
msgid ""
"The executable I</linuxrc> creates and populates the root file system.  (At "
"this stage the normal root file system does not have to be a completed "
"system yet.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:357
msgid ""
"The executable I</linuxrc> sets I</proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev>, unmount "
"I</proc>, the normal root file system and any other file systems it has "
"mounted, and then terminates."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:359
msgid "The kernel then mounts the normal root file system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:362
msgid ""
"Now that the file system is accessible and intact, the boot loader can be "
"installed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:371
msgid ""
"The boot loader is configured to load into I</dev/initrd> a file system with "
"the set of modules that was used to bring up the system.  (e.g., Device "
"I</dev/ram0> can be modified, then unmounted, and finally, the image is "
"written from I</dev/ram0> to a file.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:371
#, no-wrap
msgid "9."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:374
msgid ""
"The system is now bootable and additional installation tasks can be "
"performed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:380
msgid ""
"The key role of I</dev/initrd> in the above is to reuse the configuration "
"data during normal system operation without requiring initial kernel "
"selection, a large generic kernel or, recompiling the kernel."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:393
msgid ""
"A second scenario is for installations where Linux runs on systems with "
"different hardware configurations in a single administrative network.  In "
"such cases, it may be desirable to use only a small set of kernels (ideally "
"only one) and to keep the system-specific part of configuration information "
"as small as possible.  In this case, create a common file with all needed "
"modules.  Then, only the I</linuxrc> file or a file executed by I</linuxrc> "
"would be different."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:400
msgid ""
"A third scenario is more convenient recovery disks.  Because information "
"like the location of the root file-system partition is not needed at boot "
"time, the system loaded from I</dev/initrd> can use a dialog and/or "
"auto-detection followed by a possible sanity check."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:417
msgid ""
"Last but not least, Linux distributions on CD-ROM may use B<initrd> for easy "
"installation from the CD-ROM.  The distribution can use B<LOADLIN> to "
"directly load I</dev/initrd> from CD-ROM without the need of any floppies.  "
"The distribution could also use a B<LILO> boot floppy and then bootstrap a "
"bigger RAM disk via I</dev/initrd> from the CD-ROM."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:419
msgid "I</dev/initrd>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:421
msgid "I</dev/ram0>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:423
msgid "I</linuxrc>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:428
msgid "I</initrd>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:440
msgid ""
"With the current kernel, any file systems that remain mounted when "
"I</dev/ram0> is moved from I</> to I</initrd> continue to be accessible.  "
"However, the I</proc/mounts> entries are not updated."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:457
msgid ""
"With the current kernel, if directory I</initrd> does not exist, then "
"I</dev/ram0> will B<not> be fully unmounted if I</dev/ram0> is used by any "
"process or has any file-system mounted on it.  If I</dev/ram0> is B<not> "
"fully unmounted, then I</dev/ram0> will remain in memory."
msgstr ""

#
#
#
#.  .SH AUTHORS
#.  The kernel code for device
#.  .BR initrd
#.  was written by Werner Almesberger <almesber@lrc.epfl.ch> and
#.  Hans Lermen <lermen@elserv.ffm.fgan.de>.
#.  The code for
#.  .BR initrd
#.  was added to the baseline Linux kernel in development version 1.3.73.
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:473
msgid ""
"Users of I</dev/initrd> should not depend on the behavior give in the above "
"notes.  The behavior may change in future versions of the Linux kernel."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:479
msgid "B<chown>(1), B<mknod>(1), B<ram>(4), B<freeramdisk>(8), B<rdev>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/initrd.4:484
msgid ""
"The documentation file I<initrd.txt> in the kernel source package, the LILO "
"documentation, the LOADLIN documentation, the SYSLINUX documentation."
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/lp.4:26
#, no-wrap
msgid "LP"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/lp.4:26
#, no-wrap
msgid "1995-01-15"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/lp.4:29
msgid "lp - line printer devices"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/lp.4:31
msgid "B<#include E<lt>linux/lp.hE<gt>>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/lp.4:42
msgid ""
"B<lp>[0\\(en2] are character devices for the parallel line printers; they "
"have major number 6 and minor number 0\\(en2.  The minor numbers correspond "
"to the printer port base addresses 0x03bc, 0x0378 and 0x0278.  Usually they "
"have mode 220 and are owned by root and group lp.  You can use printer ports "
"either with polling or with interrupts.  Interrupts are recommended when "
"high traffic is expected, for example, for laser printers.  For usual dot "
"matrix printers polling will usually be enough.  The default is polling."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/lp.4:46
msgid "The following B<ioctl>(2)  calls are supported:"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/lp.4:46
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, LPTIME, int >I<arg>B<)>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/lp.4:54
msgid ""
"Sets the amount of time that the driver sleeps before rechecking the printer "
"when the printer's buffer appears to be filled to I<arg>.  If you have a "
"fast printer, decrease this number; if you have a slow printer then increase "
"it.  This is in hundredths of a second, the default 2 being 0.02 seconds.  "
"It only influences the polling driver."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/lp.4:54
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, LPCHAR, int >I<arg>B<)>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/lp.4:62
msgid ""
"Sets the maximum number of busy-wait iterations which the polling driver "
"does while waiting for the printer to get ready for receiving a character to "
"I<arg>.  If printing is too slow, increase this number; if the system gets "
"too slow, decrease this number.  The default is 1000.  It only influences "
"the polling driver."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/lp.4:62
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, LPABORT, int >I<arg>B<)>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/lp.4:66
msgid ""
"If I<arg> is 0, the printer driver will retry on errors, otherwise it will "
"abort.  The default is 0."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/lp.4:66
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, LPABORTOPEN, int >I<arg>B<)>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/lp.4:71
msgid ""
"If I<arg> is 0, B<open>(2)  will be aborted on error, otherwise error will "
"be ignored.  The default is to ignore it."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/lp.4:71
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, LPCAREFUL, int >I<arg>B<)>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/lp.4:75
msgid ""
"If I<arg> is 0, then the out-of-paper, offline and error signals are "
"required to be false on all writes, otherwise they are ignored.  The default "
"is to ignore them."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/lp.4:75
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, LPWAIT, int >I<arg>B<)>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/lp.4:85
msgid ""
"Sets the number of busy waiting iterations to wait before strobing the "
"printer to accept a just-written character, and the number of iterations to "
"wait before turning the strobe off again, to I<arg>.  The specification says "
"this time should be 0.5 microseconds, but experience has shown the delay "
"caused by the code is already enough.  For that reason, the default value is "
"0.  This is used for both the polling and the interrupt driver."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/lp.4:85
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, LPSETIRQ, int >I<arg>B<)>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/lp.4:94
msgid ""
"This B<ioctl>(2)  requires superuser privileges.  It takes an I<int> "
"containing the new IRQ as argument.  As a side effect, the printer will be "
"reset.  When I<arg> is 0, the polling driver will be used, which is also "
"default."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/lp.4:94
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, LPGETIRQ, int *>I<arg>B<)>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/lp.4:96
msgid "Stores the currently used IRQ in I<arg>."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/lp.4:96
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, LPGETSTATUS, int *>I<arg>B<)>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/lp.4:99
msgid ""
"Stores the value of the status port in I<arg>.  The bits have the following "
"meaning:"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/lp.4:101
#, no-wrap
msgid "LP_PBUSY\tinverted busy input, active high\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/lp.4:102
#, no-wrap
msgid "LP_PACK\tunchanged acknowledge input, active low\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/lp.4:103
#, no-wrap
msgid "LP_POUTPA\tunchanged out-of-paper input, active high\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/lp.4:104
#, no-wrap
msgid "LP_PSELECD\tunchanged selected input, active high\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/lp.4:105
#, no-wrap
msgid "LP_PERRORP\tunchanged error input, active low\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/lp.4:110
msgid ""
"Refer to your printer manual for the meaning of the signals.  Note that "
"undocumented bits may also be set, depending on your printer."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/lp.4:110
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, LPRESET)>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/lp.4:113
msgid "Resets the printer.  No argument is used."
msgstr ""

#.  .SH AUTHORS
#.  The printer driver was originally written by Jim Weigand and Linus
#.  Torvalds.
#.  It was further improved by Michael K.\& Johnson.
#.  The interrupt code was written by Nigel Gamble.
#.  Alan Cox modularized it.
#.  LPCAREFUL, LPABORT, LPGETSTATUS were added by Chris Metcalf.
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/lp.4:122
msgid "/dev/lp*"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/lp.4:128
msgid "B<chmod>(1), B<chown>(1), B<mknod>(1), B<lpcntl>(8), B<tunelp>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man3/makedev.3:24
#, no-wrap
msgid "MAKEDEV"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/makedev.3:27
msgid "makedev, major, minor - manage a device number"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/makedev.3:31
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"B<#define _BSD_SOURCE>             /* See feature_test_macros(7) */\n"
"B<#include E<lt>sys/types.hE<gt>>\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/makedev.3:33
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<dev_t makedev(int >I<maj>B<, int >I<min>B<);>\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/makedev.3:36
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"B<int major(dev_t >I<dev>B<);>\n"
"B<int minor(dev_t >I<dev>B<);>\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/makedev.3:44
msgid ""
"A device ID consists of two parts: a major ID, identifying the class of the "
"device, and a minor ID, identifying a specific instance of a device in that "
"class.  A device ID is represented using the type I<dev_t>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/makedev.3:51
msgid ""
"Given major and minor device IDs, B<makedev>()  combines these to produce a "
"device ID, returned as the function result.  This device ID can be given to "
"B<mknod>(2), for example."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/makedev.3:61
msgid ""
"The B<major>()  and B<minor>()  functions perform the converse task: given a "
"device ID, they return, respectively, the major and minor components.  These "
"macros can be useful to, for example, decompose the device IDs in the "
"structure returned by B<stat>(2)."
msgstr ""

#.  The BSDs, HP-UX, Solaris, AIX, Irix
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/makedev.3:70
msgid ""
"The B<makedev>(), B<major>(), and B<minor>()  functions are not specified in "
"POSIX.1, but are present on many other systems."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/makedev.3:79
msgid ""
"These interfaces are defined as macros.  Since glibc 2.3.3, they have been "
"aliases for three GNU-specific functions: B<gnu_dev_makedev>(), "
"B<gnu_dev_major>(), and B<gnu_dev_minor>().  The latter names are exported, "
"but the traditional names are more portable."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/makedev.3:82
msgid "B<mknod>(2), B<stat>(2)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/mem.4:25
#, no-wrap
msgid "MEM"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/mem.4:25 build/C/man4/ram.4:25
#, no-wrap
msgid "1992-11-21"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/mem.4:28
msgid "mem, kmem, port - system memory, kernel memory and system ports"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/mem.4:32
msgid ""
"B<mem> is a character device file that is an image of the main memory of the "
"computer.  It may be used, for example, to examine (and even patch) the "
"system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/mem.4:37
msgid ""
"Byte addresses in B<mem> are interpreted as physical memory addresses.  "
"References to nonexistent locations cause errors to be returned."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/mem.4:40
msgid ""
"Examining and patching is likely to lead to unexpected results when "
"read-only or write-only bits are present."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/mem.4:42 build/C/man4/mem.4:57 build/C/man4/mem.4:69 build/C/man4/ram.4:32
msgid "It is typically created by:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/mem.4:45
msgid "mknod -m 660 /dev/mem c 1 1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/mem.4:47
msgid "chown root:kmem /dev/mem"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/mem.4:55
msgid ""
"The file B<kmem> is the same as B<mem>, except that the kernel virtual "
"memory rather than physical memory is accessed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/mem.4:60
msgid "mknod -m 640 /dev/kmem c 1 2"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/mem.4:62
msgid "chown root:kmem /dev/kmem"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/mem.4:67
msgid "B<port> is similar to B<mem>, but the I/O ports are accessed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/mem.4:72
msgid "mknod -m 660 /dev/port c 1 4"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/mem.4:74
msgid "chown root:mem /dev/port"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/mem.4:77
msgid "I</dev/mem>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/mem.4:79
msgid "I</dev/kmem>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/mem.4:81
msgid "I</dev/port>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/mem.4:85
msgid "B<chown>(1), B<mknod>(1), B<ioperm>(2)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:27
#, no-wrap
msgid "MKFIFO"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:27
#, no-wrap
msgid "2008-06-12"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:27
#, no-wrap
msgid "GNU"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:30
msgid "mkfifo - make a FIFO special file (a named pipe)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:34
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"B<#include E<lt>sys/types.hE<gt>>\n"
"B<#include E<lt>sys/stat.hE<gt>>\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:36
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<int mkfifo(const char *>I<pathname>B<, mode_t >I<mode>B<);>\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:44
msgid ""
"B<mkfifo>()  makes a FIFO special file with name I<pathname>.  I<mode> "
"specifies the FIFO's permissions.  It is modified by the process's B<umask> "
"in the usual way: the permissions of the created file are B<(>I<mode>B< & "
"~umask)>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:51
msgid ""
"A FIFO special file is similar to a pipe, except that it is created in a "
"different way.  Instead of being an anonymous communications channel, a FIFO "
"special file is entered into the file system by calling B<mkfifo>()."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:61
msgid ""
"Once you have created a FIFO special file in this way, any process can open "
"it for reading or writing, in the same way as an ordinary file.  However, it "
"has to be open at both ends simultaneously before you can proceed to do any "
"input or output operations on it.  Opening a FIFO for reading normally "
"blocks until some other process opens the same FIFO for writing, and vice "
"versa.  See B<fifo>(7)  for nonblocking handling of FIFO special files."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:67
msgid ""
"On success B<mkfifo>()  returns 0.  In the case of an error, -1 is returned "
"(in which case, I<errno> is set appropriately)."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:68 build/C/man2/mknod.2:106 build/C/man4/st.4:828
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<EACCES>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:72
msgid ""
"One of the directories in I<pathname> did not allow search (execute) "
"permission."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:72 build/C/man2/mknod.2:114
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<EEXIST>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:78 build/C/man2/mknod.2:121
msgid ""
"I<pathname> already exists.  This includes the case where I<pathname> is a "
"symbolic link, dangling or not."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:78 build/C/man2/mknod.2:133
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<ENAMETOOLONG>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:86
msgid ""
"Either the total length of I<pathname> is greater than B<PATH_MAX>, or an "
"individual filename component has a length greater than B<NAME_MAX>.  In the "
"GNU system, there is no imposed limit on overall filename length, but some "
"file systems may place limits on the length of a component."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:86 build/C/man2/mknod.2:136
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<ENOENT>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:90 build/C/man2/mknod.2:141
msgid ""
"A directory component in I<pathname> does not exist or is a dangling "
"symbolic link."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:90 build/C/man2/mknod.2:144 build/C/man4/st.4:856
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<ENOSPC>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:93
msgid "The directory or file system has no room for the new file."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:93 build/C/man2/mknod.2:149
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<ENOTDIR>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:97 build/C/man2/mknod.2:154
msgid "A component used as a directory in I<pathname> is not, in fact, a directory."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:97 build/C/man2/mknod.2:168 build/C/man4/st.4:871
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<EROFS>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:100
msgid "I<pathname> refers to a read-only file system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:102
msgid "POSIX.1-2001."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:112
msgid ""
"B<mkfifo>(1), B<close>(2), B<open>(2), B<read>(2), B<stat>(2), B<umask>(2), "
"B<write>(2), B<mkfifoat>(3), B<fifo>(7)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man2/mknod.2:13
#, no-wrap
msgid "MKNOD"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man2/mknod.2:13
#, no-wrap
msgid "2010-09-20"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/mknod.2:16
msgid "mknod - create a special or ordinary file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/mknod.2:22
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"B<#include E<lt>sys/types.hE<gt>>\n"
"B<#include E<lt>sys/stat.hE<gt>>\n"
"B<#include E<lt>fcntl.hE<gt>>\n"
"B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/mknod.2:24
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"B<int mknod(const char *>I<pathname>B<, mode_t >I<mode>B<, dev_t "
">I<dev>B<);>\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/mknod.2:29 build/C/man3/syslog.3:53
msgid "Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see B<feature_test_macros>(7)):"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/mknod.2:32
msgid "B<mknod>():"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/mknod.2:36
msgid ""
"_BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || "
"_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/mknod.2:48
msgid ""
"The system call B<mknod>()  creates a file system node (file, device special "
"file or named pipe) named I<pathname>, with attributes specified by I<mode> "
"and I<dev>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/mknod.2:55
msgid ""
"The I<mode> argument specifies both the permissions to use and the type of "
"node to be created.  It should be a combination (using bitwise OR) of one of "
"the file types listed below and the permissions for the new node."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/mknod.2:60
msgid ""
"The permissions are modified by the process's I<umask> in the usual way: the "
"permissions of the created node are I<(mode & ~umask)>."
msgstr ""

#.  (S_IFSOCK since Linux 1.2.4)
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/mknod.2:74
msgid ""
"The file type must be one of B<S_IFREG>, B<S_IFCHR>, B<S_IFBLK>, B<S_IFIFO> "
"or B<S_IFSOCK> to specify a regular file (which will be created empty), "
"character special file, block special file, FIFO (named pipe), or UNIX "
"domain socket, respectively.  (Zero file type is equivalent to type "
"B<S_IFREG>.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/mknod.2:87
msgid ""
"If the file type is B<S_IFCHR> or B<S_IFBLK> then I<dev> specifies the major "
"and minor numbers of the newly created device special file (B<makedev>(3)  "
"may be useful to build the value for I<dev>); otherwise it is ignored."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/mknod.2:93
msgid ""
"If I<pathname> already exists, or is a symbolic link, this call fails with "
"an B<EEXIST> error."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/mknod.2:100
msgid ""
"The newly created node will be owned by the effective user ID of the "
"process.  If the directory containing the node has the set-group-ID bit set, "
"or if the file system is mounted with BSD group semantics, the new node will "
"inherit the group ownership from its parent directory; otherwise it will be "
"owned by the effective group ID of the process."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/mknod.2:105
msgid ""
"B<mknod>()  returns zero on success, or -1 if an error occurred (in which "
"case, I<errno> is set appropriately)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/mknod.2:114
msgid ""
"The parent directory does not allow write permission to the process, or one "
"of the directories in the path prefix of I<pathname> did not allow search "
"permission.  (See also B<path_resolution>(7).)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man2/mknod.2:121 build/C/man4/st.4:837
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<EFAULT>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/mknod.2:124
msgid "I<pathname> points outside your accessible address space."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/mknod.2:129
msgid ""
"I<mode> requested creation of something other than a regular file, device "
"special file, FIFO or socket."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man2/mknod.2:129
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<ELOOP>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/mknod.2:133
msgid "Too many symbolic links were encountered in resolving I<pathname>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/mknod.2:136
msgid "I<pathname> was too long."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man2/mknod.2:141 build/C/man4/st.4:849
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<ENOMEM>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/mknod.2:144
msgid "Insufficient kernel memory was available."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/mknod.2:149
msgid "The device containing I<pathname> has no room for the new node."
msgstr ""

#.  For UNIX domain sockets and regular files, EPERM is only returned in
#.  Linux 2.2 and earlier; in Linux 2.4 and later, unprivileged can
#.  use mknod() to make these files.
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/mknod.2:168
msgid ""
"I<mode> requested creation of something other than a regular file, FIFO "
"(named pipe), or UNIX domain socket, and the caller is not privileged "
"(Linux: does not have the B<CAP_MKNOD> capability); also returned if the "
"file system containing I<pathname> does not support the type of node "
"requested."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/mknod.2:172
msgid "I<pathname> refers to a file on a read-only file system."
msgstr ""

#.  The Linux version differs from the SVr4 version in that it
#.  does not require root permission to create pipes, also in that no
#.  EMULTIHOP, ENOLINK, or EINTR error is documented.
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/mknod.2:177
msgid "SVr4, 4.4BSD, POSIX.1-2001 (but see below)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/mknod.2:195
msgid ""
"POSIX.1-2001 says: \"The only portable use of B<mknod>()  is to create a "
"FIFO-special file.  If I<mode> is not B<S_IFIFO> or I<dev> is not 0, the "
"behavior of B<mknod>()  is unspecified.\" However, nowadays one should never "
"use B<mknod>()  for this purpose; one should use B<mkfifo>(3), a function "
"especially defined for this purpose."
msgstr ""

#.  and one should make UNIX domain sockets with socket(2) and bind(2).
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/mknod.2:200
msgid ""
"Under Linux, this call cannot be used to create directories.  One should "
"make directories with B<mkdir>(2)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/mknod.2:204
msgid ""
"There are many infelicities in the protocol underlying NFS.  Some of these "
"affect B<mknod>()."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/mknod.2:218
msgid ""
"B<chmod>(2), B<chown>(2), B<fcntl>(2), B<mkdir>(2), B<mknodat>(2), "
"B<mount>(2), B<socket>(2), B<stat>(2), B<umask>(2), B<unlink>(2), "
"B<makedev>(3), B<mkfifo>(3), B<path_resolution>(7)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:25
#, no-wrap
msgid "MOUSE"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:25
#, no-wrap
msgid "1996-02-10"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:28
msgid "mouse - serial mouse interface"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:32
msgid ""
"Serial mice are connected to a serial RS232/V24 dialout line, see B<ttyS>(4)  "
"for a description."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:33
#, no-wrap
msgid "Introduction"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:35
msgid "The pinout of the usual 9 pin plug as used for serial mice is:"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:38
#, no-wrap
msgid "pin\tname\tused for\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:39
#, no-wrap
msgid "2\tRX\tData\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:40
#, no-wrap
msgid "3\tTX\t-12 V, Imax = 10 mA\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:41
#, no-wrap
msgid "4\tDTR\t+12 V, Imax = 10 mA\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:42
#, no-wrap
msgid "7\tRTS\t+12 V, Imax = 10 mA\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:43
#, no-wrap
msgid "5\tGND\tGround\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:47
msgid "This is the specification, in fact 9 V suffices with most mice."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:53
msgid ""
"The mouse driver can recognize a mouse by dropping RTS to low and raising it "
"again.  About 14 ms later the mouse will send 0x4D (\\(aqM\\(aq) on the data "
"line.  After a further 63 ms, a Microsoft-compatible 3-button mouse will "
"send 0x33 (\\(aq3\\(aq)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:61
msgid ""
"The relative mouse movement is sent as I<dx> (positive means right)  and "
"I<dy> (positive means down).  Various mice can operate at different speeds.  "
"To select speeds, cycle through the speeds 9600, 4800, 2400 and 1200 bit/s, "
"each time writing the two characters from the table below and waiting 0.1 "
"seconds.  The following table shows available speeds and the strings that "
"select them:"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:64
#, no-wrap
msgid "bit/s\tstring\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:65
#, no-wrap
msgid "9600\t*q\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:66
#, no-wrap
msgid "4800\t*p\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:67
#, no-wrap
msgid "2400\t*o\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:68
#, no-wrap
msgid "1200\t*n\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:72
msgid "The first byte of a data packet can be used to synchronization purposes."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:72
#, no-wrap
msgid "Microsoft protocol"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:79
msgid ""
"The B<Microsoft> protocol uses 1 start bit, 7 data bits, no parity and one "
"stop bit at the speed of 1200 bits/sec.  Data is sent to RxD in 3-byte "
"packets.  The I<dx> and I<dy> movements are sent as two's-complement, I<lb> "
"(I<rb>) are set when the left (right)  button is pressed:"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:82
#, no-wrap
msgid "byte\td6\td5\td4\td3\td2\td1\td0\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:83
#, no-wrap
msgid "1\t1\tlb\trb\tdy7\tdy6\tdx7\tdx6\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:84
#, no-wrap
msgid "2\t0\tdx5\tdx4\tdx3\tdx2\tdx1\tdx0\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:85
#, no-wrap
msgid "3\t0\tdy5\tdy4\tdy3\tdy2\tdy1\tdy0\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:87
#, no-wrap
msgid "3-button Microsoft protocol"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:96
msgid ""
"Original Microsoft mice only have two buttons.  However, there are some "
"three button mice which also use the Microsoft protocol.  Pressing or "
"releasing the middle button is reported by sending a packet with zero "
"movement and no buttons pressed.  (Thus, unlike for the other two buttons, "
"the status of the middle button is not reported in each packet.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:96
#, no-wrap
msgid "Logitech protocol"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:105
msgid ""
"Logitech serial 3-button mice use a different extension of the Microsoft "
"protocol: when the middle button is up, the above 3-byte packet is sent.  "
"When the middle button is down a 4-byte packet is sent, where the 4th byte "
"has value 0x20 (or at least has the 0x20 bit set).  In particular, a press "
"of the middle button is reported as 0,0,0,0x20 when no other buttons are "
"down."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:105
#, no-wrap
msgid "Mousesystems protocol"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:115
msgid ""
"The B<Mousesystems> protocol uses 1 start bit, 8 data bits, no parity and "
"two stop bits at the speed of 1200 bits/sec.  Data is sent to RxD in 5-byte "
"packets.  I<dx> is sent as the sum of the two two's-complement values, I<dy> "
"is send as negated sum of the two two's-complement values.  I<lb> (I<mb>, "
"I<rb>) are cleared when the left (middle, right) button is pressed:"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:118 build/C/man4/mouse.4:143
#, no-wrap
msgid "byte\td7\td6\td5\td4\td3\td2\td1\td0\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:119
#, no-wrap
msgid "1\t1\t0\t0\t0\t0\tlb\tmb\trb\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:120
#, no-wrap
msgid "2\t0\tdxa6\tdxa5\tdxa4\tdxa3\tdxa2\tdxa1\tdxa0\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:121
#, no-wrap
msgid "3\t0\tdya6\tdya5\tdya4\tdya3\tdya2\tdya1\tdya0\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:122
#, no-wrap
msgid "4\t0\tdxb6\tdxb5\tdxb4\tdxb3\tdxb2\tdxb1\tdxb0\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:123
#, no-wrap
msgid "5\t0\tdyb6\tdyb5\tdyb4\tdyb3\tdyb2\tdyb1\tdyb0\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:128
msgid ""
"Bytes 4 and 5 describe the change that occurred since bytes 2 and 3 were "
"transmitted."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:128
#, no-wrap
msgid "Sun protocol"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:131
msgid ""
"The B<Sun> protocol is the 3-byte version of the above 5-byte Mousesystems "
"protocol: the last two bytes are not sent."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:131
#, no-wrap
msgid "MM protocol"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:140
msgid ""
"The B<MM> protocol uses 1 start bit, 8 data bits, odd parity and one stop "
"bit at the speed of 1200 bits/sec.  Data is sent to RxD in 3-byte packets.  "
"I<dx> and I<dy> are sent as single signed values, the sign bit indicating a "
"negative value.  I<lb> (I<mb>, I<rb>) are set when the left (middle, right) "
"button is pressed:"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:144
#, no-wrap
msgid "1\t1\t0\t0\tdxs\tdys\tlb\tmb\trb\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:145
#, no-wrap
msgid "2\t0\tdx6\tdx5\tdx4\tdx3\tdx2\tdx1\tdx0\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:146
#, no-wrap
msgid "3\t0\tdy6\tdy5\tdy4\tdy3\tdy2\tdy1\tdy0\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:149
#, no-wrap
msgid "I</dev/mouse>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:152
msgid "A commonly used symlink pointing to a mouse device."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/mouse.4:155
msgid "B<ttyS>(4), B<gpm>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/msr.4:24
#, no-wrap
msgid "MSR"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/msr.4:27
msgid "msr - x86 CPU MSR access device"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/msr.4:34
msgid ""
"I</dev/cpu/CPUNUM/msr> provides an interface to read and write the "
"model-specific registers (MSRs) of an x86 CPU.  I<CPUNUM> is the number of "
"the CPU to access as listed in I</proc/cpuinfo>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/msr.4:40
msgid ""
"The register access is done by opening the file and seeking to the MSR "
"number as offset in the file, and then reading or writing in chunks of 8 "
"bytes.  An I/O transfer of more than 8 bytes means multiple reads or writes "
"of the same register."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/msr.4:45
msgid ""
"This file is protected so that it can only be read and written by the user "
"I<root>, or members of the group I<root>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/msr.4:51
msgid ""
"The I<msr> driver is not auto-loaded.  On modular kernels you might need to "
"use the following command to load it explicitly before use:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/msr.4:53
#, no-wrap
msgid "    $ I<modprobe msr>\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/msr.4:57
msgid ""
"Intel Corporation Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's "
"Manual Volume 3B Appendix B for an overview of the Intel CPU MSRs."
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/null.4:25
#, no-wrap
msgid "NULL"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/null.4:25
#, no-wrap
msgid "2009-02-23"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/null.4:28
msgid "null, zero - data sink"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/null.4:30
msgid "Data written to a B<null> or B<zero> special file is discarded."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/null.4:35
msgid ""
"Reads from the B<null> special file always return end of file (i.e., "
"B<read>(2)  returns 0), whereas reads from B<zero> always return bytes "
"containing zero (\\e0 characters)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/null.4:37
msgid "B<null> and B<zero> are typically created by:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/null.4:40
msgid "mknod -m 666 /dev/null c 1 3"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/null.4:42
msgid "mknod -m 666 /dev/zero c 1 5"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/null.4:44
msgid "chown root:root /dev/null /dev/zero"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/null.4:47
msgid "I</dev/null>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/null.4:49
msgid "I</dev/zero>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/null.4:52
msgid ""
"If these devices are not writable and readable for all users, many programs "
"will act strangely."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/null.4:56
msgid "B<chown>(1), B<mknod>(1), B<full>(4)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man7/pipe.7:25
#, no-wrap
msgid "PIPE"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man7/pipe.7:25
#, no-wrap
msgid "2005-12-08"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/pipe.7:28
msgid "pipe - overview of pipes and FIFOs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/pipe.7:37
msgid ""
"Pipes and FIFOs (also known as named pipes)  provide a unidirectional "
"interprocess communication channel.  A pipe has a I<read end> and a I<write "
"end>.  Data written to the write end of a pipe can be read from the read end "
"of the pipe."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/pipe.7:47
msgid ""
"A pipe is created using B<pipe>(2), which creates a new pipe and returns two "
"file descriptors, one referring to the read end of the pipe, the other "
"referring to the write end.  Pipes can be used to create a communication "
"channel between related processes; see B<pipe>(2)  for an example."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/pipe.7:66
msgid ""
"A FIFO (short for First In First Out) has a name within the file system "
"(created using B<mkfifo>(3)), and is opened using B<open>(2).  Any process "
"may open a FIFO, assuming the file permissions allow it.  The read end is "
"opened using the B<O_RDONLY> flag; the write end is opened using the "
"B<O_WRONLY> flag.  See B<fifo>(7)  for further details.  I<Note>: although "
"FIFOs have a pathname in the file system, I/O on FIFOs does not involve "
"operations on the underlying device (if there is one)."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man7/pipe.7:66
#, no-wrap
msgid "I/O on Pipes and FIFOs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/pipe.7:71
msgid ""
"The only difference between pipes and FIFOs is the manner in which they are "
"created and opened.  Once these tasks have been accomplished, I/O on pipes "
"and FIFOs has exactly the same semantics."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/pipe.7:85
msgid ""
"If a process attempts to read from an empty pipe, then B<read>(2)  will "
"block until data is available.  If a process attempts to write to a full "
"pipe (see below), then B<write>(2)  blocks until sufficient data has been "
"read from the pipe to allow the write to complete.  Nonblocking I/O is "
"possible by using the B<fcntl>(2)  B<F_SETFL> operation to enable the "
"B<O_NONBLOCK> open file status flag."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/pipe.7:89
msgid ""
"The communication channel provided by a pipe is a I<byte stream>: there is "
"no concept of message boundaries."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/pipe.7:116
msgid ""
"If all file descriptors referring to the write end of a pipe have been "
"closed, then an attempt to B<read>(2)  from the pipe will see end-of-file "
"(B<read>(2)  will return 0).  If all file descriptors referring to the read "
"end of a pipe have been closed, then a B<write>(2)  will cause a B<SIGPIPE> "
"signal to be generated for the calling process.  If the calling process is "
"ignoring this signal, then B<write>(2)  fails with the error B<EPIPE>.  An "
"application that uses B<pipe>(2)  and B<fork>(2)  should use suitable "
"B<close>(2)  calls to close unnecessary duplicate file descriptors; this "
"ensures that end-of-file and B<SIGPIPE>/B<EPIPE> are delivered when "
"appropriate."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/pipe.7:120
msgid "It is not possible to apply B<lseek>(2)  to a pipe."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man7/pipe.7:120
#, no-wrap
msgid "Pipe Capacity"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/pipe.7:132
msgid ""
"A pipe has a limited capacity.  If the pipe is full, then a B<write>(2)  "
"will block or fail, depending on whether the B<O_NONBLOCK> flag is set (see "
"below).  Different implementations have different limits for the pipe "
"capacity.  Applications should not rely on a particular capacity: an "
"application should be designed so that a reading process consumes data as "
"soon as it is available, so that a writing process does not remain blocked."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/pipe.7:136
msgid ""
"In Linux versions before 2.6.11, the capacity of a pipe was the same as the "
"system page size (e.g., 4096 bytes on i386).  Since Linux 2.6.11, the pipe "
"capacity is 65536 bytes."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man7/pipe.7:136
#, no-wrap
msgid "PIPE_BUF"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/pipe.7:158
msgid ""
"POSIX.1-2001 says that B<write>(2)s of less than B<PIPE_BUF> bytes must be "
"atomic: the output data is written to the pipe as a contiguous sequence.  "
"Writes of more than B<PIPE_BUF> bytes may be nonatomic: the kernel may "
"interleave the data with data written by other processes.  POSIX.1-2001 "
"requires B<PIPE_BUF> to be at least 512 bytes.  (On Linux, B<PIPE_BUF> is "
"4096 bytes.)  The precise semantics depend on whether the file descriptor is "
"nonblocking (B<O_NONBLOCK>), whether there are multiple writers to the pipe, "
"and on I<n>, the number of bytes to be written:"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man7/pipe.7:158
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<O_NONBLOCK> disabled, I<n> E<lt>= B<PIPE_BUF>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/pipe.7:167
msgid ""
"All I<n> bytes are written atomically; B<write>(2)  may block if there is "
"not room for I<n> bytes to be written immediately"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man7/pipe.7:167
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<O_NONBLOCK> enabled, I<n> E<lt>= B<PIPE_BUF>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/pipe.7:181
msgid ""
"If there is room to write I<n> bytes to the pipe, then B<write>(2)  succeeds "
"immediately, writing all I<n> bytes; otherwise B<write>(2)  fails, with "
"I<errno> set to B<EAGAIN>."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man7/pipe.7:181
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<O_NONBLOCK> disabled, I<n> E<gt> B<PIPE_BUF>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/pipe.7:193
msgid ""
"The write is nonatomic: the data given to B<write>(2)  may be interleaved "
"with B<write>(2)s by other process; the B<write>(2)  blocks until I<n> bytes "
"have been written."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man7/pipe.7:193
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<O_NONBLOCK> enabled, I<n> E<gt> B<PIPE_BUF>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/pipe.7:208
msgid ""
"If the pipe is full, then B<write>(2)  fails, with I<errno> set to "
"B<EAGAIN>.  Otherwise, from 1 to I<n> bytes may be written (i.e., a "
"\"partial write\" may occur; the caller should check the return value from "
"B<write>(2)  to see how many bytes were actually written), and these bytes "
"may be interleaved with writes by other processes."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man7/pipe.7:208
#, no-wrap
msgid "Open File Status Flags"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/pipe.7:214
msgid ""
"The only open file status flags that can be meaningfully applied to a pipe "
"or FIFO are B<O_NONBLOCK> and B<O_ASYNC>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/pipe.7:226
msgid ""
"Setting the B<O_ASYNC> flag for the read end of a pipe causes a signal "
"(B<SIGIO> by default) to be generated when new input becomes available on "
"the pipe (see B<fcntl>(2)  for details).  On Linux, B<O_ASYNC> is supported "
"for pipes and FIFOs only since kernel 2.6."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man7/pipe.7:226
#, no-wrap
msgid "Portability notes"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/pipe.7:232
msgid ""
"On some systems (but not Linux), pipes are bidirectional: data can be "
"transmitted in both directions between the pipe ends.  According to "
"POSIX.1-2001, pipes only need to be unidirectional.  Portable applications "
"should avoid reliance on bidirectional pipe semantics."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/pipe.7:244
msgid ""
"B<dup>(2), B<fcntl>(2), B<open>(2), B<pipe>(2), B<poll>(2), B<select>(2), "
"B<socketpair>(2), B<stat>(2), B<mkfifo>(3), B<epoll>(7), B<fifo>(7)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/ram.4:25
#, no-wrap
msgid "RAM"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/ram.4:28
msgid "ram - ram disk device"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/ram.4:30
msgid "The I<ram> device is a block device to access the ram disk in raw mode."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/ram.4:35
msgid "mknod -m 660 /dev/ram b 1 1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/ram.4:37
msgid "chown root:disk /dev/ram"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/ram.4:40
msgid "/dev/ram"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/ram.4:44
msgid "B<chown>(1), B<mknod>(1), B<mount>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/random.4:17
#, no-wrap
msgid "RANDOM"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/random.4:20
msgid "random, urandom - kernel random number source devices"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/random.4:27
msgid ""
"The character special files I</dev/random> and I</dev/urandom> (present "
"since Linux 1.3.30)  provide an interface to the kernel's random number "
"generator.  File I</dev/random> has major device number 1 and minor device "
"number 8.  File I</dev/urandom> has major device number 1 and minor device "
"number 9."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/random.4:33
msgid ""
"The random number generator gathers environmental noise from device drivers "
"and other sources into an entropy pool.  The generator also keeps an "
"estimate of the number of bits of noise in the entropy pool.  From this "
"entropy pool random numbers are created."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/random.4:41
msgid ""
"When read, the I</dev/random> device will only return random bytes within "
"the estimated number of bits of noise in the entropy pool.  I</dev/random> "
"should be suitable for uses that need very high quality randomness such as "
"one-time pad or key generation.  When the entropy pool is empty, reads from "
"I</dev/random> will block until additional environmental noise is gathered."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/random.4:52
msgid ""
"A read from the I</dev/urandom> device will not block waiting for more "
"entropy.  As a result, if there is not sufficient entropy in the entropy "
"pool, the returned values are theoretically vulnerable to a cryptographic "
"attack on the algorithms used by the driver.  Knowledge of how to do this is "
"not available in the current unclassified literature, but it is "
"theoretically possible that such an attack may exist.  If this is a concern "
"in your application, use I</dev/random> instead."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/random.4:61
msgid ""
"If you are unsure about whether you should use I</dev/random> or "
"I</dev/urandom>, then probably you want to use the latter.  As a general "
"rule, I</dev/urandom> should be used for everything except long-lived "
"GPG/SSL/SSH keys."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/random.4:73
msgid ""
"If a seed file is saved across reboots as recommended below (all major Linux "
"distributions have done this since 2000 at least), the output is "
"cryptographically secure against attackers without local root access as soon "
"as it is reloaded in the boot sequence, and perfectly adequate for network "
"encryption session keys.  Since reads from I</dev/random> may block, users "
"will usually want to open it in nonblocking mode (or perform a read with "
"timeout), and provide some sort of user notification if the desired entropy "
"is not immediately available."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/random.4:86
msgid ""
"The kernel random-number generator is designed to produce a small amount of "
"high-quality seed material to seed a cryptographic pseudo-random number "
"generator (CPRNG).  It is designed for security, not speed, and is poorly "
"suited to generating large amounts of random data.  Users should be very "
"economical in the amount of seed material that they read from "
"I</dev/urandom> (and I</dev/random>); unnecessarily reading large quantities "
"of data from this device will have a negative impact on other users of the "
"device."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/random.4:94
msgid ""
"The amount of seed material required to generate a cryptographic key equals "
"the effective key size of the key.  For example, a 3072-bit RSA or "
"Diffie-Hellman private key has an effective key size of 128 bits (it "
"requires about 2^128 operations to break) so a key generator only needs 128 "
"bits (16 bytes) of seed material from I</dev/random>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/random.4:103
msgid ""
"While some safety margin above that minimum is reasonable, as a guard "
"against flaws in the CPRNG algorithm, no cryptographic primitive available "
"today can hope to promise more than 256 bits of security, so if any program "
"reads more than 256 bits (32 bytes) from the kernel random pool per "
"invocation, or per reasonable reseed interval (not less than one minute), "
"that should be taken as a sign that its cryptography is I<not> skilfully "
"implemented."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/random.4:103
#, no-wrap
msgid "Configuration"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/random.4:107
msgid ""
"If your system does not have I</dev/random> and I</dev/urandom> created "
"already, they can be created with the following commands:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/random.4:112
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    mknod -m 644 /dev/random c 1 8\n"
"    mknod -m 644 /dev/urandom c 1 9\n"
"    chown root:root /dev/random /dev/urandom\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/random.4:122
msgid ""
"When a Linux system starts up without much operator interaction, the entropy "
"pool may be in a fairly predictable state.  This reduces the actual amount "
"of noise in the entropy pool below the estimate.  In order to counteract "
"this effect, it helps to carry entropy pool information across shut-downs "
"and start-ups.  To do this, add the following lines to an appropriate script "
"which is run during the Linux system start-up sequence:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/random.4:137
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    echo \"Initializing random number generator...\"\n"
"    random_seed=/var/run/random-seed\n"
"    # Carry a random seed from start-up to start-up\n"
"    # Load and then save the whole entropy pool\n"
"    if [ -f $random_seed ]; then\n"
"        cat $random_seed E<gt>/dev/urandom\n"
"    else\n"
"        touch $random_seed\n"
"    fi\n"
"    chmod 600 $random_seed\n"
"    poolfile=/proc/sys/kernel/random/poolsize\n"
"    [ -r $poolfile ] && bytes=\\`cat $poolfile\\` || bytes=512\n"
"    dd if=/dev/urandom of=$random_seed count=1 bs=$bytes\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/random.4:141
msgid ""
"Also, add the following lines in an appropriate script which is run during "
"the Linux system shutdown:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/random.4:152
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    # Carry a random seed from shut-down to start-up\n"
"    # Save the whole entropy pool\n"
"    echo \"Saving random seed...\"\n"
"    random_seed=/var/run/random-seed\n"
"    touch $random_seed\n"
"    chmod 600 $random_seed\n"
"    poolfile=/proc/sys/kernel/random/poolsize\n"
"    [ -r $poolfile ] && bytes=\\`cat $poolfile\\` || bytes=512\n"
"    dd if=/dev/urandom of=$random_seed count=1 bs=$bytes\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/random.4:153
#, no-wrap
msgid "/proc Interface"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/random.4:159
msgid ""
"The files in the directory I</proc/sys/kernel/random> (present since 2.3.16) "
"provide an additional interface to the I</dev/random> device."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/random.4:165
msgid ""
"The read-only file I<entropy_avail> gives the available entropy.  Normally, "
"this will be 4096 (bits), a full entropy pool."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/random.4:170
msgid ""
"The file I<poolsize> gives the size of the entropy pool.  The semantics of "
"this file vary across kernel versions:"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/random.4:171
#, no-wrap
msgid "Linux 2.4:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/random.4:178
msgid ""
"This file gives the size of the entropy pool in I<bytes>.  Normally, this "
"file will have the value 512, but it is writable, and can be changed to any "
"value for which an algorithm is available.  The choices are 32, 64, 128, "
"256, 512, 1024, or 2048."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/random.4:178
#, no-wrap
msgid "Linux 2.6:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/random.4:183
msgid ""
"This file is read-only, and gives the size of the entropy pool in I<bits>.  "
"It contains the value 4096."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/random.4:201
msgid ""
"The file I<read_wakeup_threshold> contains the number of bits of entropy "
"required for waking up processes that sleep waiting for entropy from "
"I</dev/random>.  The default is 64.  The file I<write_wakeup_threshold> "
"contains the number of bits of entropy below which we wake up processes that "
"do a B<select>(2)  or B<poll>(2)  for write access to I</dev/random>.  These "
"values can be changed by writing to the files."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/random.4:209
msgid ""
"The read-only files I<uuid> and I<boot_id> contain random strings like "
"6fd5a44b-35f4-4ad4-a9b9-6b9be13e1fe9.  The former is generated afresh for "
"each read, the latter was generated once."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/random.4:211
msgid "/dev/random"
msgstr ""

#.  .SH AUTHOR
#.  The kernel's random number generator was written by
#.  Theodore Ts'o (tytso@athena.mit.edu).
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/random.4:216
msgid "/dev/urandom"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/random.4:218
msgid "mknod (1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/random.4:220
msgid "RFC\\ 1750, \"Randomness Recommendations for Security\""
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/sd.4:24
#, no-wrap
msgid "SD"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sd.4:27
msgid "sd - Driver for SCSI Disk Drives"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sd.4:31
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"B<#include E<lt>linux/hdreg.hE<gt>        >/* for HDIO_GETGEO */\n"
"B<#include E<lt>linux/fs.hE<gt>           >/* for BLKGETSIZE and BLKRRPART "
"*/\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sd.4:43
msgid ""
"The block device name has the following form: B<sd>I<lp,> where I<l> is a "
"letter denoting the physical drive, and I<p> is a number denoting the "
"partition on that physical drive.  Often, the partition number, I<p>, will "
"be left off when the device corresponds to the whole drive."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sd.4:52
msgid ""
"SCSI disks have a major device number of 8, and a minor device number of the "
"form (16 * I<drive_number>) + I<partition_number>, where I<drive_number> is "
"the number of the physical drive in order of detection, and "
"I<partition_number> is as follows:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sd.4:54
msgid "partition 0 is the whole drive"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sd.4:56
msgid "partitions 1-4 are the DOS \"primary\" partitions"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sd.4:58
msgid "partitions 5-8 are the DOS \"extended\" (or \"logical\") partitions"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sd.4:66
msgid ""
"For example, I</dev/sda> will have major 8, minor 0, and will refer to all "
"of the first SCSI drive in the system; and I</dev/sdb3> will have major 8, "
"minor 19, and will refer to the third DOS \"primary\" partition on the "
"second SCSI drive in the system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sd.4:69
msgid ""
"At this time, only block devices are provided.  Raw devices have not yet "
"been implemented."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sd.4:73
msgid "The following I<ioctl>s are provided:"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/sd.4:73
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<HDIO_GETGEO>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sd.4:77
msgid "Returns the BIOS disk parameters in the following structure:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sd.4:86
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"struct hd_geometry {\n"
"    unsigned char  heads;\n"
"    unsigned char  sectors;\n"
"    unsigned short cylinders;\n"
"    unsigned long  start;\n"
"};\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sd.4:92
msgid "A pointer to this structure is passed as the B<ioctl>(2)  parameter."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sd.4:107
msgid ""
"The information returned in the parameter is the disk geometry of the drive "
"I<as understood by DOS!> This geometry is I<not> the physical geometry of "
"the drive.  It is used when constructing the drive's partition table, "
"however, and is needed for convenient operation of B<fdisk>(1), "
"B<efdisk>(1), and B<lilo>(1).  If the geometry information is not available, "
"zero will be returned for all of the parameters."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/sd.4:108
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<BLKGETSIZE>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sd.4:115
msgid ""
"Returns the device size in sectors.  The B<ioctl>(2)  parameter should be a "
"pointer to a I<long>."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/sd.4:115
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<BLKRRPART>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sd.4:119
msgid "Forces a reread of the SCSI disk partition tables.  No parameter is needed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sd.4:130
msgid ""
"The B<scsi>(4)  B<ioctl>(2)  operations are also supported.  If the "
"B<ioctl>(2)  parameter is required, and it is NULL, then B<ioctl>(2)  will "
"fail with the error B<EINVAL>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sd.4:132
msgid "/dev/sd[a-h]: the whole device"
msgstr ""

#. .SH "SEE ALSO"
#. .BR scsi (4)
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sd.4:136
msgid "/dev/sd[a-h][0-8]: individual block partitions"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:23
#, no-wrap
msgid "SETLOGMASK"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:23
#, no-wrap
msgid "2001-10-05"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:26
msgid "setlogmask - set log priority mask"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:29
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<#include E<lt>syslog.hE<gt>>\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:31
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<int setlogmask(int >I<mask>B<);>\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:41
msgid ""
"A process has a log priority mask that determines which calls to "
"B<syslog>(3)  may be logged.  All other calls will be ignored.  Logging is "
"enabled for the priorities that have the corresponding bit set in I<mask>.  "
"The initial mask is such that logging is enabled for all priorities."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:47
msgid ""
"The B<setlogmask>()  function sets this logmask for the calling process, and "
"returns the previous mask.  If the mask argument is 0, the current logmask "
"is not modified."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:61
msgid ""
"The eight priorities are B<LOG_EMERG>, B<LOG_ALERT>, B<LOG_CRIT>, "
"B<LOG_ERR>, B<LOG_WARNING>, B<LOG_NOTICE>, B<LOG_INFO>, and B<LOG_DEBUG>.  "
"The bit corresponding to a priority I<p> is B<LOG_MASK>(I<p>).  Some systems "
"also provide a macro B<LOG_UPTO>(I<p>) for the mask of all priorities in the "
"above list up to and including I<p>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:63
msgid "This function returns the previous log priority mask."
msgstr ""

#.  .SH NOTES
#.  The glibc logmask handling was broken in versions before glibc 2.1.1.
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:67
msgid "None."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:70
msgid "POSIX.1-2001.  Note that the description in POSIX.1-2001 is flawed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:74
msgid "B<closelog>(3), B<openlog>(3), B<syslog>(3)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:25
#, no-wrap
msgid "SK98LIN"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:25
#, no-wrap
msgid "2007-11-25"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:28
msgid "sk98lin - Marvell/SysKonnect Gigabit Ethernet driver v6.21"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:60
msgid ""
"B<insmod sk98lin.o> [B<Speed_A=>I<i,j,...>] [B<Speed_B=>I<i,j,...>] "
"[B<AutoNeg_A=>I<i,j,...>] [B<AutoNeg_B=>I<i,j,...>] [B<DupCap_A=>I<i,j,...>] "
"[B<DupCap_B=>I<i,j,...>] [B<FlowCtrl_A=>I<i,j,...>] "
"[B<FlowCtrl_B=>I<i,j,...>] [B<Role_A=>I<i,j,...>] [B<Role_B=>I<i,j,...>] "
"[B<ConType=>I<i,j,...>] [B<Moderation=>I<i,j,...>] "
"[B<IntsPerSec=>I<i,j,...>] [B<PrefPort=>I<i,j,...>] [B<RlmtMode=>I<i,j,...>]"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:69
msgid ""
"B<sk98lin> is the Gigabit Ethernet driver for Marvell and SysKonnect network "
"adapter cards.  It supports SysKonnect SK-98xx/SK-95xx compliant Gigabit "
"Ethernet Adapter and any Yukon compliant chipset."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:76
msgid ""
"When loading the driver using insmod, parameters for the network adapter "
"cards might be stated as a sequence of comma separated commands.  If for "
"instance two network adapters are installed and AutoNegotiation on Port A of "
"the first adapter should be ON, but on the Port A of the second adapter "
"switched OFF, one must enter:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:78
#, no-wrap
msgid "   insmod sk98lin.o AutoNeg_A=On,Off\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:93
msgid ""
"After B<sk98lin> is bound to one or more adapter cards and the I</proc> file "
"system is mounted on your system, a dedicated statistics file will be "
"created in folder I</proc/net/sk98lin> for all ports of the installed "
"network adapter cards.  Those files are named I<eth[x]> whereas I<x> is the "
"number of the interface that has been assigned to a dedicated port by the "
"system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:103
msgid ""
"If loading is finished, any desired IP address can be assigned to the "
"respective I<eth[x]> interface using the B<ifconfig>(8)  command.  This "
"causes the adapter to connect to the Ethernet and to display a status "
"message on the console saying \"ethx: network connection up using port y\" "
"followed by the configured or detected connection parameters."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:119
msgid ""
"The B<sk98lin> also supports large frames (also called jumbo frames).  Using "
"jumbo frames can improve throughput tremendously when transferring large "
"amounts of data.  To enable large frames, the MTU (maximum transfer unit) "
"size for an interface is to be set to a high value.  The default MTU size is "
"1500 and can be changed up to 9000 (bytes).  Setting the MTU size can be "
"done when assigning the IP address to the interface or later by using the "
"B<ifconfig>(8)  command with the mtu parameter.  If for instance eth0 needs "
"an IP address and a large frame MTU size, the following two commands might "
"be used:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:122
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    ifconfig eth0 10.1.1.1\n"
"    ifconfig eth0 mtu 9000\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:124
msgid "Those two commands might even be combined into one:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:126
#, no-wrap
msgid "    ifconfig eth0 10.1.1.1 mtu 9000\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:139
msgid ""
"Note that large frames can only be used if permitted by your network "
"infrastructure.  This means, that any switch being used in your Ethernet "
"must also support large frames.  Quite some switches support large frames, "
"but need to be configured to do so.  Most of the times, their default "
"setting is to support only standard frames with an MTU size of 1500 "
"(bytes).  In addition to the switches inside the network, all network "
"adapters that are to be used must also be enabled regarding jumbo frames.  "
"If an adapter is not set to receive large frames it will simply drop them."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:143
msgid ""
"Switching back to the standard Ethernet frame size can be done by using the "
"B<ifconfig>(8)  command again:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:145
#, no-wrap
msgid "    ifconfig eth0 mtu 1500\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:151
msgid ""
"The Marvell/SysKonnect Gigabit Ethernet driver for Linux is able to support "
"VLAN and Link Aggregation according to IEEE standards 802.1, 802.1q, and "
"802.3ad.  Those features are only available after installation of open "
"source modules which can be found on the Internet:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:154
msgid "I<VLAN>: http://www.candelatech.com/~greear/vlan.html"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:158
msgid "I<Link> I<Aggregation>: http://www.st.rim.or.jp/~yumo"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:163
msgid ""
"Note that Marvell/SysKonnect does not offer any support for these open "
"source modules and does not take the responsibility for any kind of failures "
"or problems arising when using these modules."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:163 build/C/man4/wavelan.4:32
#, no-wrap
msgid "Parameters"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:164
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<Speed_A=>I<i,j,...>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:182
msgid ""
"This parameter is used to set the speed capabilities of port A of an adapter "
"card.  It is only valid for Yukon copper adapters.  Possible values are: "
"I<10>, I<100>, I<1000> or I<Auto> whereas I<Auto> is the default.  Usually, "
"the speed is negotiated between the two ports during link establishment.  If "
"this fails, a port can be forced to a specific setting with this parameter."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:182
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<Speed_B=>I<i,j,...>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:200
msgid ""
"This parameter is used to set the speed capabilities of port B of an adapter "
"card.  It is only valid for Yukon copper adapters.  Possible values are: "
"I<10>, I<100>, I<1000> or I<Auto> whereas I<Auto> is the default.  Usually, "
"the speed is negotiated between the two ports during link establishment.  If "
"this fails, a port can be forced to a specific setting with this parameter."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:200
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<AutoNeg_A=>I<i,j,...>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:215
msgid ""
"Enables or disables the use of autonegotiation of port A of an adapter "
"card.  Possible values are: I<On>, I<Off> or I<Sense> whereas I<On> is the "
"default.  The I<Sense> mode automatically detects whether the link partner "
"supports auto-negotiation or not."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:215
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<AutoNeg_B=>I<i,j,...>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:230
msgid ""
"Enables or disables the use of autonegotiation of port B of an adapter "
"card.  Possible values are: I<On>, I<Off> or I<Sense> whereas I<On> is the "
"default.  The I<Sense> mode automatically detects whether the link partner "
"supports auto-negotiation or not."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:230
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<DupCap_A=>I<i,j,...>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:261
msgid ""
"This parameter indicates the duplex mode to be used for port A of an adapter "
"card.  Possible values are: I<Half>, I<Full> or I<Both> whereas I<Both> is "
"the default.  This parameter is only relevant if AutoNeg_A of port A is not "
"set to I<Sense>.  If AutoNeg_A is set to I<On>, all three values of DupCap_A "
"( I<Half>, I<Full> or I<Both>)  might be stated.  If AutoNeg_A is set to "
"I<Off>, only DupCap_A values I<Full> and I<Half> are allowed.  This DupCap_A "
"parameter is useful if your link partner does not support all possible "
"duplex combinations."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:261
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<DupCap_B=>I<i,j,...>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:292
msgid ""
"This parameter indicates the duplex mode to be used for port B of an adapter "
"card.  Possible values are: I<Half>, I<Full> or I<Both> whereas I<Both> is "
"the default.  This parameter is only relevant if AutoNeg_B of port B is not "
"set to I<Sense>.  If AutoNeg_B is set to I<On>, all three values of DupCap_B "
"( I<Half>, I<Full> or I<Both>)  might be stated.  If AutoNeg_B is set to "
"I<Off>, only DupCap_B values I<Full> and I<Half> are allowed.  This DupCap_B "
"parameter is useful if your link partner does not support all possible "
"duplex combinations."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:292
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<FlowCtrl_A=>I<i,j,...>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:306 build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:340
msgid ""
"This parameter can be used to set the flow control capabilities the port "
"reports during auto-negotiation.  Possible values are: I<Sym>, I<SymOrRem>, "
"I<LocSend> or I<None> whereas I<SymOrRem> is the default.  The different "
"modes have the following meaning:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:311 build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:344
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"I<Sym>\n"
"= Symmetric\n"
" both link partners are allowed to send PAUSE frames\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:315 build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:348
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"I<SymOrRem>\n"
"= SymmetricOrRemote\n"
" both or only remote partner are allowed to send PAUSE frames\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:319 build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:352
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"I<LocSend>\n"
"= LocalSend\n"
" only local link partner is allowed to send PAUSE frames\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:323 build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:356
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"I<None>\n"
"= None\n"
" no link partner is allowed to send PAUSE frames\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:326
msgid "Note that this parameter is ignored if AutoNeg_A is set to I<Off>."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:326
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<FlowCtrl_B=>I<i,j,...>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:360
msgid "Note that this parameter is ignored if AutoNeg_B is set to I<Off>."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:360
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<Role_A=>I<i,j,...>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:377
msgid ""
"This parameter is only valid for 1000Base-T adapter cards.  For two "
"1000Base-T ports to communicate, one must take the role of the master "
"(providing timing information), while the other must be the slave.  Possible "
"values are: I<Auto>, I<Master> or I<Slave> whereas I<Auto> is the default.  "
"Usually, the role of a port is negotiated between two ports during link "
"establishment, but if that fails the port A of an adapter card can be forced "
"to a specific setting with this parameter."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:377
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<Role_B=>I<i,j,...>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:395
msgid ""
"This parameter is only valid for 1000Base-T adapter cards.  For two "
"1000Base-T ports to communicate, one must take the role of the master "
"(providing timing information), while the other must be the slave.  Possible "
"values are: I<Auto>, I<Master> or I<Slave> whereas I<Auto> is the default.  "
"Usually, the role of a port is negotiated between two ports during link "
"establishment, but if that fails the port B of an adapter card can be forced "
"to a specific setting with this parameter."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:395
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<ConType=>I<i,j,...>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:403
msgid ""
"This parameter is a combination of all five per-port parameters within one "
"single parameter.  This simplifies the configuration of both ports of an "
"adapter card.  The different values of this variable reflect the most "
"meaningful combinations of port parameters.  Possible values and their "
"corresponding combination of per-port parameters:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:408
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"ConType | DupCap   AutoNeg   FlowCtrl   Role   Speed\n"
"--------+-------------------------------------------\n"
"I<Auto>    |  Both      On      SymOrRem   Auto   Auto\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:410
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<100FD>   |  Full      Off       None     Auto   100\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:412
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<100HD>   |  Half      Off       None     Auto   100\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:414
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<10FD>    |  Full      Off       None     Auto   10\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:416
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<10HD>    |  Half      Off       None     Auto   10\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:426
msgid ""
"Stating any other port parameter together with this I<ConType> parameter "
"will result in a merged configuration of those settings.  This is due to the "
"fact, that the per-port parameters (e.g.  I<Speed_A>)  have a higher "
"priority than the combined variable I<ConType>."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:426
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<Moderation=>I<i,j,...>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:444
msgid ""
"Interrupt moderation is employed to limit the maximum number of interrupts "
"the driver has to serve.  That is, one or more interrupts (which indicate "
"any transmit or receive packet to be processed) are queued until the driver "
"processes them.  When queued interrupts are to be served, is determined by "
"the I<IntsPerSec> parameter, which is explained later below.  Possible "
"moderation modes are: I<None>, I<Static> or I<Dynamic> whereas I<None> is "
"the default.  The different modes have the following meaning:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:449
msgid ""
"I<None> No interrupt moderation is applied on the adapter card.  Therefore, "
"each transmit or receive interrupt is served immediately as soon as it "
"appears on the interrupt line of the adapter card."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:464
msgid ""
"I<Static> Interrupt moderation is applied on the adapter card.  All transmit "
"and receive interrupts are queued until a complete moderation interval "
"ends.  If such a moderation interval ends, all queued interrupts are "
"processed in one big bunch without any delay.  The term I<Static> reflects "
"the fact, that interrupt moderation is always enabled, regardless how much "
"network load is currently passing via a particular interface.  In addition, "
"the duration of the moderation interval has a fixed length that never "
"changes while the driver is operational."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:475
msgid ""
"I<Dynamic> Interrupt moderation might be applied on the adapter card, "
"depending on the load of the system.  If the driver detects that the system "
"load is too high, the driver tries to shield the system against too much "
"network load by enabling interrupt moderation.  If\\(emat a later "
"time\\(emthe CPU utilization decreases again (or if the network load is "
"negligible) the interrupt moderation will automatically be disabled."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:481
msgid ""
"Interrupt moderation should be used when the driver has to handle one or "
"more interfaces with a high network load, which\\(emas a "
"consequence\\(emleads also to a high CPU utilization.  When moderation is "
"applied in such high network load situations, CPU load might be reduced by "
"20-30% on slow computers."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:485
msgid ""
"Note that the drawback of using interrupt moderation is an increase of the "
"round-trip-time (RTT), due to the queuing and serving of interrupts at "
"dedicated moderation times."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:485
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<IntsPerSec=>I<i,j,...>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:495
msgid ""
"This parameter determines the length of any interrupt moderation interval.  "
"Assuming that static interrupt moderation is to be used, an I<IntsPerSec> "
"parameter value of 2000 will lead to an interrupt moderation interval of 500 "
"microseconds.  Possible values for this parameter are in the range of "
"30...40000 (interrupts per second).  The default value is 2000."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:499
msgid ""
"This parameter is only used, if either static or dynamic interrupt "
"moderation is enabled on a network adapter card.  This parameter is ignored "
"if no moderation is applied."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:506
msgid ""
"Note that the duration of the moderation interval is to be chosen with "
"care.  At first glance, selecting a very long duration (e.g., only 100 "
"interrupts per second) seems to be meaningful, but the increase of "
"packet-processing delay is tremendous.  On the other hand, selecting a very "
"short moderation time might compensate the use of any moderation being "
"applied."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:506
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<PrefPort=>I<i,j,...>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:519
msgid ""
"This parameter is used to force the preferred port to A or B (on dual-port "
"network adapters).  The preferred port is the one that is used if both ports "
"A and B are detected as fully functional.  Possible values are: I<A> or I<B> "
"whereas I<A> is the default."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:519
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<RlmtMode=>I<i,j,...>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:536
msgid ""
"RLMT monitors the status of the port.  If the link of the active port fails, "
"RLMT switches immediately to the standby link.  The virtual link is "
"maintained as long as at least one \"physical\" link is up.  This parameters "
"states how RLMT should monitor both ports.  Possible values are: "
"I<CheckLinkState>, I<CheckLocalPort>, I<CheckSeg> or I<DualNet> whereas "
"I<CheckLinkState> is the default.  The different modes have the following "
"meaning:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:541
msgid ""
"I<CheckLinkState> Check link state only: RLMT uses the link state reported "
"by the adapter hardware for each individual port to determine whether a port "
"can be used for all network traffic or not."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:549
msgid ""
"I<CheckLocalPort> In this mode, RLMT monitors the network path between the "
"two ports of an adapter by regularly exchanging packets between them.  This "
"mode requires a network configuration in which the two ports are able to "
"\"see\" each other (i.e., there must not be any router between the ports)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:558
msgid ""
"I<CheckSeg> Check local port and segmentation: This mode supports the same "
"functions as the CheckLocalPort mode and additionally checks network "
"segmentation between the ports.  Therefore, this mode is only to be used if "
"Gigabit Ethernet switches are installed on the network that have been "
"configured to use the Spanning Tree protocol."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:569
msgid ""
"I<DualNet> In this mode, ports A and B are used as separate devices.  If you "
"have a dual port adapter, port A will be configured as I<eth[x]> and port B "
"as I<eth[x+1]>.  Both ports can be used independently with distinct IP "
"addresses.  The preferred port setting is not used.  RLMT is turned off."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:578
msgid ""
"Note that RLMT modes I<CheckLocalPort> and I<CheckLinkState> are designed to "
"operate in configurations where a network path between the ports on one "
"adapter exists.  Moreover, they are not designed to work where adapters are "
"connected back-to-back."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:579
#, no-wrap
msgid "I</proc/net/sk98lin/eth[x]>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:585
msgid ""
"The statistics file of a particular interface of an adapter card.  It "
"contains generic information about the adapter card plus a detailed summary "
"of all transmit and receive counters."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:585
#, no-wrap
msgid "I</usr/src/linux/Documentation/networking/sk98lin.txt>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:596
msgid ""
"This is the I<README> file of the I<sk98lin> driver.  It contains a detailed "
"installation HOWTO and describes all parameters of the driver.  It denotes "
"also common problems and provides the solution to them."
msgstr ""

#.  .SH AUTHORS
#.  Ralph Roesler \(em rroesler@syskonnect.de
#.  .br
#.  Mirko Lindner \(em mlindner@syskonnect.de
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:602
msgid "Report any bugs to linux@syskonnect.de"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:606
msgid "B<ifconfig>(8), B<insmod>(8), B<modprobe>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/st.4:23
#, no-wrap
msgid "ST"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:26
msgid "st - SCSI tape device"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:29
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/mtio.hE<gt>>\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:34
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, int >I<request>B< [, (void *)>I<arg3>B<]);>\n"
"B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, MTIOCTOP, (struct mtop *)>I<mt_cmd>B<);>\n"
"B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, MTIOCGET, (struct mtget *)>I<mt_status>B<);>\n"
"B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, MTIOCPOS, (struct mtpos *)>I<mt_pos>B<);>\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:44
msgid ""
"The B<st> driver provides the interface to a variety of SCSI tape devices.  "
"Currently, the driver takes control of all detected devices of type "
"\\(lqsequential-access\\(rq.  The B<st> driver uses major device number 9."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:64
msgid ""
"Each device uses eight minor device numbers.  The lowermost five bits in the "
"minor numbers are assigned sequentially in the order of detection.  In the "
"2.6 kernel, the bits above the eight lowermost bits are concatenated to the "
"five lowermost bits to form the tape number.  The minor numbers can be "
"grouped into two sets of four numbers: the principal (auto-rewind) minor "
"device numbers, I<n>, and the \\(lqno-rewind\\(rq device numbers, (I<n> + "
"128).  Devices opened using the principal device number will be sent a "
"B<REWIND> command when they are closed.  Devices opened using the "
"\\(lqno-rewind\\(rq device number will not.  (Note that using an auto-rewind "
"device for positioning the tape with, for instance, mt does not lead to the "
"desired result: the tape is rewound after the mt command and the next "
"command starts from the beginning of the tape)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:78
msgid ""
"Within each group, four minor numbers are available to define devices with "
"different characteristics (block size, compression, density, etc.)  When the "
"system starts up, only the first device is available.  The other three are "
"activated when the default characteristics are defined (see below).  (By "
"changing compile-time constants, it is possible to change the balance "
"between the maximum number of tape drives and the number of minor numbers "
"for each drive.  The default allocation allows control of 32 tape drives.  "
"For instance, it is possible to control up to 64 tape drives with two minor "
"numbers for different options.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:80
msgid "Devices are typically created by:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:91
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"mknod -m 666 /dev/st0 c 9 0\n"
"mknod -m 666 /dev/st0l c 9 32\n"
"mknod -m 666 /dev/st0m c 9 64\n"
"mknod -m 666 /dev/st0a c 9 96\n"
"mknod -m 666 /dev/nst0 c 9 128\n"
"mknod -m 666 /dev/nst0l c 9 160\n"
"mknod -m 666 /dev/nst0m c 9 192\n"
"mknod -m 666 /dev/nst0a c 9 224\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:95
msgid "There is no corresponding block device."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:110
msgid ""
"The driver uses an internal buffer that has to be large enough to hold at "
"least one tape block.  In kernels before 2.1.121, the buffer is allocated as "
"one contiguous block.  This limits the block size to the largest contiguous "
"block of memory the kernel allocator can provide.  The limit is currently "
"128 kB for 32-bit architectures and 256 kB for 64-bit architectures.  In "
"newer kernels the driver allocates the buffer in several parts if "
"necessary.  By default, the maximum number of parts is 16.  This means that "
"the maximum block size is very large (2 MB if allocation of 16 blocks of 128 "
"kB succeeds)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:119
msgid ""
"The driver's internal buffer size is determined by a compile-time constant "
"which can be overridden with a kernel startup option.  In addition to this, "
"the driver tries to allocate a larger temporary buffer at run time if "
"necessary.  However, run-time allocation of large contiguous blocks of "
"memory may fail and it is advisable not to rely too much on dynamic buffer "
"allocation with kernels older than 2.1.121 (this applies also to "
"demand-loading the driver with kerneld or kmod)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:132
msgid ""
"The driver does not specifically support any tape drive brand or model.  "
"After system start-up the tape device options are defined by the drive "
"firmware.  For example, if the drive firmware selects fixed-block mode, the "
"tape device uses fixed-block mode.  The options can be changed with explicit "
"B<ioctl>(2)  calls and remain in effect when the device is closed and "
"reopened.  Setting the options affects both the auto-rewind and the "
"nonrewind device."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:141
msgid ""
"Different options can be specified for the different devices within the "
"subgroup of four.  The options take effect when the device is opened.  For "
"example, the system administrator can define one device that writes in "
"fixed-block mode with a certain block size, and one which writes in "
"variable-block mode (if the drive supports both modes)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:164
msgid ""
"The driver supports B<tape partitions> if they are supported by the drive.  "
"(Note that the tape partitions have nothing to do with disk partitions.  A "
"partitioned tape can be seen as several logical tapes within one medium.)  "
"Partition support has to be enabled with an B<ioctl>(2).  The tape location "
"is preserved within each partition across partition changes.  The partition "
"used for subsequent tape operations is selected with an B<ioctl>(2).  The "
"partition switch is executed together with the next tape operation in order "
"to avoid unnecessary tape movement.  The maximum number of partitions on a "
"tape is defined by a compile-time constant (originally four).  The driver "
"contains an B<ioctl>(2)  that can format a tape with either one or two "
"partitions."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:169
msgid ""
"Device I</dev/tape> is usually created as a hard or soft link to the default "
"tape device on the system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:173
msgid ""
"Starting from kernel 2.6.2, the driver exports in the sysfs directory "
"I</sys/class/scsi_tape> the attached devices and some parameters assigned to "
"the devices."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/st.4:173
#, no-wrap
msgid "Data Transfer"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:186
msgid ""
"The driver supports operation in both fixed-block mode and variable-block "
"mode (if supported by the drive).  In fixed-block mode the drive writes "
"blocks of the specified size and the block size is not dependent on the byte "
"counts of the write system calls.  In variable-block mode one tape block is "
"written for each write call and the byte count determines the size of the "
"corresponding tape block.  Note that the blocks on the tape don't contain "
"any information about the writing mode: when reading, the only important "
"thing is to use commands that accept the block sizes on the tape."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:195
msgid ""
"In variable-block mode the read byte count does not have to match the tape "
"block size exactly.  If the byte count is larger than the next block on "
"tape, the driver returns the data and the function returns the actual block "
"size.  If the block size is larger than the byte count, the requested amount "
"of data from the start of the block is returned and the rest of the block is "
"discarded."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:204
msgid ""
"In fixed-block mode the read byte counts can be arbitrary if buffering is "
"enabled, or a multiple of the tape block size if buffering is disabled.  "
"Kernels before 2.1.121 allow writes with arbitrary byte count if buffering "
"is enabled.  In all other cases (kernel before 2.1.121 with buffering "
"disabled or newer kernel) the write byte count must be a multiple of the "
"tape block size."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:213
msgid ""
"In the 2.6 kernel, the driver tries to use direct transfers between the user "
"buffer and the device.  If this is not possible, the driver's internal "
"buffer is used.  The reasons for not using direct transfers include improper "
"alignment of the user buffer (default is 512 bytes but this can be changed "
"by the HBA driver), one of more pages of the user buffer not reachable by "
"the SCSI adapter, etc."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:216
msgid ""
"A filemark is automatically written to tape if the last tape operation "
"before close was a write."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:228
msgid ""
"When a filemark is encountered while reading, the following happens.  If "
"there are data remaining in the buffer when the filemark is found, the "
"buffered data is returned.  The next read returns zero bytes.  The following "
"read returns data from the next file.  The end of recorded data is signaled "
"by returning zero bytes for two consecutive read calls.  The third read "
"returns an error."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/st.4:228
#, no-wrap
msgid "Ioctls"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:239
msgid ""
"The driver supports three B<ioctl>(2)  requests.  Requests not recognized by "
"the B<st> driver are passed to the B<SCSI> driver.  The definitions below "
"are from I</usr/include/linux/mtio.h>:"
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/st.4:239
#, no-wrap
msgid "MTIOCTOP \\(em Perform a tape operation"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:247
msgid ""
"This request takes an argument of type I<(struct mtop *)>.  Not all drives "
"support all operations.  The driver returns an B<EIO> error if the drive "
"rejects an operation."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:255
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"/* Structure for MTIOCTOP - mag tape op command: */\n"
"struct mtop {\n"
"    short   mt_op;       /* operations defined below */\n"
"    int     mt_count;    /* how many of them */\n"
"};\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:259
msgid "Magnetic Tape operations for normal tape use:"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:259
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MTBSF>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:264
msgid "Backward space over I<mt_count> filemarks."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:264
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MTBSFM>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:270
msgid ""
"Backward space over I<mt_count> filemarks.  Reposition the tape to the EOT "
"side of the last filemark."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:270
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MTBSR>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:275
msgid "Backward space over I<mt_count> records (tape blocks)."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:275
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MTBSS>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:280
msgid "Backward space over I<mt_count> setmarks."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:280
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MTCOMPRESSION>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:288
msgid ""
"Enable compression of tape data within the drive if I<mt_count> is nonzero "
"and disable compression if I<mt_count> is zero.  This command uses the MODE "
"page 15 supported by most DATs."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:288
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MTEOM>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:291
msgid "Go to the end of the recorded media (for appending files)."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:291
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MTERASE>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:297
msgid ""
"Erase tape.  With 2.6 kernel, short erase (mark tape empty) is performed if "
"the argument is zero.  Otherwise long erase (erase all) is done."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:297
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MTFSF>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:302
msgid "Forward space over I<mt_count> filemarks."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:302
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MTFSFM>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:308
msgid ""
"Forward space over I<mt_count> filemarks.  Reposition the tape to the BOT "
"side of the last filemark."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:308
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MTFSR>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:313
msgid "Forward space over I<mt_count> records (tape blocks)."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:313
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MTFSS>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:318
msgid "Forward space over I<mt_count> setmarks."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:318
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MTLOAD>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:329
msgid ""
"Execute the SCSI load command.  A special case is available for some HP "
"autoloaders.  If I<mt_count> is the constant B<MT_ST_HPLOADER_OFFSET> plus a "
"number, the number is sent to the drive to control the autoloader."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:329
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MTLOCK>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:332
msgid "Lock the tape drive door."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:332
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MTMKPART>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:346
msgid ""
"Format the tape into one or two partitions.  If I<mt_count> is nonzero, it "
"gives the size of the first partition and the second partition contains the "
"rest of the tape.  If I<mt_count> is zero, the tape is formatted into one "
"partition.  This command is not allowed for a drive unless the partition "
"support is enabled for the drive (see B<MT_ST_CAN_PARTITIONS> below)."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:346
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MTNOP>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:351
msgid ""
"No op\\(emflushes the driver's buffer as a side effect.  Should be used "
"before reading status with B<MTIOCGET>."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:351
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MTOFFL>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:354
msgid "Rewind and put the drive off line."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:354
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MTRESET>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:357
msgid "Reset drive."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:357
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MTRETEN>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:360
msgid "Re-tension tape."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:360
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MTREW>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:363
msgid "Rewind."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:363
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MTSEEK>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:375
msgid ""
"Seek to the tape block number specified in I<mt_count>.  This operation "
"requires either a SCSI-2 drive that supports the B<LOCATE> command "
"(device-specific address)  or a Tandberg-compatible SCSI-1 drive (Tandberg, "
"Archive Viper, Wangtek, ...).  The block number should be one that was "
"previously returned by B<MTIOCPOS> if device-specific addresses are used."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:375
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MTSETBLK>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:380
msgid ""
"Set the drive's block length to the value specified in I<mt_count>.  A block "
"length of zero sets the drive to variable block size mode."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:380
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MTSETDENSITY>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:386
msgid ""
"Set the tape density to the code in I<mt_count>.  The density codes "
"supported by a drive can be found from the drive documentation."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:386
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MTSETPART>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:395
msgid ""
"The active partition is switched to I<mt_count>.  The partitions are "
"numbered from zero.  This command is not allowed for a drive unless the "
"partition support is enabled for the drive (see B<MT_ST_CAN_PARTITIONS> "
"below)."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:395
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MTUNLOAD>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:398
msgid "Execute the SCSI unload command (does not eject the tape)."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:398
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MTUNLOCK>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:401
msgid "Unlock the tape drive door."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:401
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MTWEOF>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:406
msgid "Write I<mt_count> filemarks."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:406
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MTWSM>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:411
msgid "Write I<mt_count> setmarks."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:413
msgid "Magnetic Tape operations for setting of device options (by the superuser):"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:413
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MTSETDRVBUFFER>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:422
msgid ""
"Set various drive and driver options according to bits encoded in "
"I<mt_count>.  These consist of the drive's buffering mode, a set of Boolean "
"driver options, the buffer write threshold, defaults for the block size and "
"density, and timeouts (only in kernels 2.1 and later).  A single operation "
"can affect only one item in the list above (the Booleans counted as one "
"item.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:426
msgid ""
"A value having zeros in the high-order 4 bits will be used to set the "
"drive's buffering mode.  The buffering modes are:"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:427
#, no-wrap
msgid "0"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:432
msgid ""
"The drive will not report B<GOOD> status on write commands until the data "
"blocks are actually written to the medium."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:432
#, no-wrap
msgid "1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:437
msgid ""
"The drive may report B<GOOD> status on write commands as soon as all the "
"data has been transferred to the drive's internal buffer."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:437
#, no-wrap
msgid "2"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:444
msgid ""
"The drive may report B<GOOD> status on write commands as soon as (a) all the "
"data has been transferred to the drive's internal buffer, and (b) all "
"buffered data from different initiators has been successfully written to the "
"medium."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:455
msgid ""
"To control the write threshold the value in I<mt_count> must include the "
"constant B<MT_ST_WRITE_THRESHOLD> bitwise ORed with a block count in the low "
"28 bits.  The block count refers to 1024-byte blocks, not the physical block "
"size on the tape.  The threshold cannot exceed the driver's internal buffer "
"size (see DESCRIPTION, above)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:476
msgid ""
"To set and clear the Boolean options the value in I<mt_count> must include "
"one of the constants B<MT_ST_BOOLEANS>, B<MT_ST_SETBOOLEANS>, "
"B<MT_ST_CLEARBOOLEANS>, or B<MT_ST_DEFBOOLEANS> bitwise ORed with whatever "
"combination of the following options is desired.  Using B<MT_ST_BOOLEANS> "
"the options can be set to the values defined in the corresponding bits.  "
"With B<MT_ST_SETBOOLEANS> the options can be selectively set and with "
"B<MT_ST_DEFBOOLEANS> selectively cleared."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:484
msgid ""
"The default options for a tape device are set with B<MT_ST_DEFBOOLEANS>.  A "
"nonactive tape device (e.g., device with minor 32 or 160) is activated when "
"the default options for it are defined the first time.  An activated device "
"inherits from the device activated at start-up the options not set "
"explicitly."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:486
msgid "The Boolean options are:"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:487
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MT_ST_BUFFER_WRITES> (Default: true)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:493
msgid ""
"Buffer all write operations in fixed-block mode.  If this option is false "
"and the drive uses a fixed block size, then all write operations must be for "
"a multiple of the block size.  This option must be set false to write "
"reliable multivolume archives."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:494
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MT_ST_ASYNC_WRITES> (Default: true)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:504
msgid ""
"When this option is true, write operations return immediately without "
"waiting for the data to be transferred to the drive if the data fits into "
"the driver's buffer.  The write threshold determines how full the buffer "
"must be before a new SCSI write command is issued.  Any errors reported by "
"the drive will be held until the next operation.  This option must be set "
"false to write reliable multivolume archives."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:504
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MT_ST_READ_AHEAD> (Default: true)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:510
msgid ""
"This option causes the driver to provide read buffering and read-ahead in "
"fixed-block mode.  If this option is false and the drive uses a fixed block "
"size, then all read operations must be for a multiple of the block size."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:510
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MT_ST_TWO_FM> (Default: false)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:516
msgid ""
"This option modifies the driver behavior when a file is closed.  The normal "
"action is to write a single filemark.  If the option is true the driver will "
"write two filemarks and backspace over the second one."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:525
msgid ""
"Note: This option should not be set true for QIC tape drives since they are "
"unable to overwrite a filemark.  These drives detect the end of recorded "
"data by testing for blank tape rather than two consecutive filemarks.  Most "
"other current drives also detect the end of recorded data and using two "
"filemarks is usually necessary only when interchanging tapes with some other "
"systems."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:525
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MT_ST_DEBUGGING> (Default: false)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:531
msgid ""
"This option turns on various debugging messages from the driver (effective "
"only if the driver was compiled with B<DEBUG> defined nonzero)."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:531
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MT_ST_FAST_EOM> (Default: false)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:545
msgid ""
"This option causes the B<MTEOM> operation to be sent directly to the drive, "
"potentially speeding up the operation but causing the driver to lose track "
"of the current file number normally returned by the B<MTIOCGET> request.  If "
"B<MT_ST_FAST_EOM> is false the driver will respond to an B<MTEOM> request by "
"forward spacing over files."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:545
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MT_ST_AUTO_LOCK> (Default: false)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:549
msgid ""
"When this option is true, the drive door is locked when the device is opened "
"and unlocked when it is closed."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:549
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MT_ST_DEF_WRITES> (Default: false)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:566
msgid ""
"The tape options (block size, mode, compression, etc.) may change when "
"changing from one device linked to a drive to another device linked to the "
"same drive depending on how the devices are defined.  This option defines "
"when the changes are enforced by the driver using SCSI-commands and when the "
"drives auto-detection capabilities are relied upon.  If this option is "
"false, the driver sends the SCSI-commands immediately when the device is "
"changed.  If the option is true, the SCSI-commands are not sent until a "
"write is requested.  In this case the drive firmware is allowed to detect "
"the tape structure when reading and the SCSI-commands are used only to make "
"sure that a tape is written according to the correct specification."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:566
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MT_ST_CAN_BSR> (Default: false)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:579
msgid ""
"When read-ahead is used, the tape must sometimes be spaced backward to the "
"correct position when the device is closed and the SCSI command to space "
"backward over records is used for this purpose.  Some older drives can't "
"process this command reliably and this option can be used to instruct the "
"driver not to use the command.  The end result is that, with read-ahead and "
"fixed-block mode, the tape may not be correctly positioned within a file "
"when the device is closed.  With 2.6 kernel, the default is true for drives "
"supporting SCSI-3."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:579
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MT_ST_NO_BLKLIMS> (Default: false)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:588
msgid ""
"Some drives don't accept the B<READ BLOCK LIMITS> SCSI command.  If this is "
"used, the driver does not use the command.  The drawback is that the driver "
"can't check before sending commands if the selected block size is acceptable "
"to the drive."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:588
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MT_ST_CAN_PARTITIONS> (Default: false)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:593
msgid ""
"This option enables support for several partitions within a tape.  The "
"option applies to all devices linked to a drive."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:593
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MT_ST_SCSI2LOGICAL> (Default: false)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:608
msgid ""
"This option instructs the driver to use the logical block addresses defined "
"in the SCSI-2 standard when performing the seek and tell operations (both "
"with B<MTSEEK> and B<MTIOCPOS> commands and when changing tape partition).  "
"Otherwise the device-specific addresses are used.  It is highly advisable to "
"set this option if the drive supports the logical addresses because they "
"count also filemarks.  There are some drives that only support the logical "
"block addresses."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:608
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MT_ST_SYSV> (Default: false)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:619
msgid ""
"When this option is enabled, the tape devices use the SystemV semantics.  "
"Otherwise the BSD semantics are used.  The most important difference between "
"the semantics is what happens when a device used for reading is closed: in "
"System V semantics the tape is spaced forward past the next filemark if this "
"has not happened while using the device.  In BSD semantics the tape position "
"is not changed."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:619
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MT_NO_WAIT> (Default: false)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:623
msgid ""
"Enables immediate mode (i.e., don't wait for the command to finish) for some "
"commands (e.g., rewind)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:625
msgid "An example:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:633
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"struct mtop mt_cmd;\n"
"mt_cmd.mt_op = MTSETDRVBUFFER;\n"
"mt_cmd.mt_count = MT_ST_BOOLEANS |\n"
"        MT_ST_BUFFER_WRITES | MT_ST_ASYNC_WRITES;\n"
"ioctl(fd, MTIOCTOP, mt_cmd);\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:643
msgid ""
"The default block size for a device can be set with B<MT_ST_DEF_BLKSIZE> and "
"the default density code can be set with B<MT_ST_DEFDENSITY>.  The values "
"for the parameters are or'ed with the operation code."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:660
msgid ""
"With kernels 2.1.x and later, the timeout values can be set with the "
"subcommand B<MT_ST_SET_TIMEOUT> ORed with the timeout in seconds.  The long "
"timeout (used for rewinds and other commands that may take a long time) can "
"be set with B<MT_ST_SET_LONG_TIMEOUT>.  The kernel defaults are very long to "
"make sure that a successful command is not timed out with any drive.  "
"Because of this the driver may seem stuck even if it is only waiting for the "
"timeout.  These commands can be used to set more practical values for a "
"specific drive.  The timeouts set for one device apply for all devices "
"linked to the same drive."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:681
msgid ""
"Starting from kernels 2.4.19 and 2.5.43, the driver supports a status bit "
"which indicates whether the drive requests cleaning.  The method used by the "
"drive to return cleaning information is set using the B<MT_ST_SEL_CLN> "
"subcommand.  If the value is zero, the cleaning bit is always zero.  If the "
"value is one, the TapeAlert data defined in the SCSI-3 standard is used (not "
"yet implemented).  Values 2-17 are reserved.  If the lowest eight bits are "
"E<gt>= 18, bits from the extended sense data are used.  The bits 9-16 "
"specify a mask to select the bits to look at and the bits 17-23 specify the "
"bit pattern to look for.  If the bit pattern is zero, one or more bits under "
"the mask indicate the cleaning request.  If the pattern is nonzero, the "
"pattern must match the masked sense data byte."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/st.4:681
#, no-wrap
msgid "MTIOCGET \\(em Get status"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:685
msgid "This request takes an argument of type I<(struct mtget *)>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:700
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"/* structure for MTIOCGET - mag tape get status command */\n"
"struct mtget {\n"
"    long     mt_type;\n"
"    long     mt_resid;\n"
"    /* the following registers are device dependent */\n"
"    long     mt_dsreg;\n"
"    long     mt_gstat;\n"
"    long     mt_erreg;\n"
"    /* The next two fields are not always used */\n"
"    daddr_t  mt_fileno;\n"
"    daddr_t  mt_blkno;\n"
"};\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:702
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<mt_type>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:711
msgid ""
"The header file defines many values for I<mt_type>, but the current driver "
"reports only the generic types B<MT_ISSCSI1> (Generic SCSI-1 tape)  and "
"B<MT_ISSCSI2> (Generic SCSI-2 tape)."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:711
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<mt_resid>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:713
msgid "contains the current tape partition number."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:713
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<mt_dsreg>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:722
msgid ""
"reports the drive's current settings for block size (in the low 24 bits) and "
"density (in the high 8 bits).  These fields are defined by "
"B<MT_ST_BLKSIZE_SHIFT>, B<MT_ST_BLKSIZE_MASK>, B<MT_ST_DENSITY_SHIFT>, and "
"B<MT_ST_DENSITY_MASK>."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:722
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<mt_gstat>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:725
msgid ""
"reports generic (device independent) status information.  The header file "
"defines macros for testing these status bits:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:732
msgid ""
"B<GMT_EOF>(I<x>): The tape is positioned just after a filemark (always false "
"after an B<MTSEEK> operation)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:738
msgid ""
"B<GMT_BOT>(I<x>): The tape is positioned at the beginning of the first file "
"(always false after an B<MTSEEK> operation)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:741
msgid "B<GMT_EOT>(I<x>): A tape operation has reached the physical End Of Tape."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:747
msgid ""
"B<GMT_SM>(I<x>): The tape is currently positioned at a setmark (always false "
"after an B<MTSEEK> operation)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:750
msgid "B<GMT_EOD>(I<x>): The tape is positioned at the end of recorded data."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:755
msgid ""
"B<GMT_WR_PROT>(I<x>): The drive is write-protected.  For some drives this "
"can also mean that the drive does not support writing on the current medium "
"type."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:760
msgid ""
"B<GMT_ONLINE>(I<x>): The last B<open>(2)  found the drive with a tape in "
"place and ready for operation."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:764
msgid ""
"B<GMT_D_6250>(I<x>), B<GMT_D_1600>(I<x>), B<GMT_D_800>(I<x>): This "
"\\(lqgeneric\\(rq status information reports the current density setting for "
"9-track \\(12\" tape drives only."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:767
msgid "B<GMT_DR_OPEN>(I<x>): The drive does not have a tape in place."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:775
msgid ""
"B<GMT_IM_REP_EN>(I<x>): Immediate report mode.  This bit is set if there are "
"no guarantees that the data has been physically written to the tape when the "
"write call returns.  It is set zero only when the driver does not buffer "
"data and the drive is set not to buffer data."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:779
msgid ""
"B<GMT_CLN>(I<x>): The drive has requested cleaning.  Implemented in kernels "
"since 2.4.19 and 2.5.43."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:780
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<mt_erreg>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:790
msgid ""
"The only field defined in I<mt_erreg> is the recovered error count in the "
"low 16 bits (as defined by B<MT_ST_SOFTERR_SHIFT> and "
"B<MT_ST_SOFTERR_MASK>.  Due to inconsistencies in the way drives report "
"recovered errors, this count is often not maintained (most drives do not by "
"default report soft errors but this can be changed with a SCSI MODE SELECT "
"command)."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:790
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<mt_fileno>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:796
msgid ""
"reports the current file number (zero-based).  This value is set to -1 when "
"the file number is unknown (e.g., after B<MTBSS> or B<MTSEEK>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:796
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<mt_blkno>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:803
msgid ""
"reports the block number (zero-based) within the current file.  This value "
"is set to -1 when the block number is unknown (e.g., after B<MTBSF>, "
"B<MTBSS>, or B<MTSEEK>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/st.4:803
#, no-wrap
msgid "MTIOCPOS \\(em Get tape position"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:817
msgid ""
"This request takes an argument of type I<(struct mtpos *)> and reports the "
"drive's notion of the current tape block number, which is not the same as "
"I<mt_blkno> returned by B<MTIOCGET>.  This drive must be a SCSI-2 drive that "
"supports the B<READ POSITION> command (device-specific address)  or a "
"Tandberg-compatible SCSI-1 drive (Tandberg, Archive Viper, Wangtek, ... )."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:824
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"/* structure for MTIOCPOS - mag tape get position command */\n"
"struct mtpos {\n"
"    long mt_blkno;    /* current block number */\n"
"};\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:833
msgid ""
"An attempt was made to write or erase a write-protected tape.  (This error "
"is not detected during B<open>(2).)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:833
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<EBUSY>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:837
msgid "The device is already in use or the driver was unable to allocate a buffer."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:841
msgid "The command parameters point to memory not belonging to the calling process."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:846
msgid ""
"An B<ioctl>(2)  had an invalid argument, or a requested block size was "
"invalid."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:846
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<EIO>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:849
msgid "The requested operation could not be completed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:856
msgid ""
"The byte count in B<read>(2)  is smaller than the next physical block on the "
"tape.  (Before 2.2.18 and 2.4.0-test6 the extra bytes have been silently "
"ignored.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:860
msgid ""
"A write operation could not be completed because the tape reached "
"end-of-medium."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:860 build/C/man2/syslog.2:237
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<ENOSYS>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:864
msgid "Unknown B<ioctl>(2)."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:864
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<ENXIO>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:867
msgid "During opening, the tape device does not exist."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:867
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<EOVERFLOW>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:871
msgid ""
"An attempt was made to read or write a variable-length block that is larger "
"than the driver's internal buffer."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:878
msgid ""
"Open is attempted with B<O_WRONLY> or B<O_RDWR> when the tape in the drive "
"is write-protected."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:879
#, no-wrap
msgid "I</dev/st*>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:882
msgid "the auto-rewind SCSI tape devices"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/st.4:882
#, no-wrap
msgid "I</dev/nst*>"
msgstr ""

#.  .SH AUTHOR
#.  The driver has been written by Kai M\(:akisara (Kai.Makisara@metla.fi)
#.  starting from a driver written by Dwayne Forsyth.
#.  Several other
#.  people have also contributed to the driver.
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:890
msgid "the nonrewind SCSI tape devices"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:911
msgid ""
"When exchanging data between systems, both systems have to agree on the "
"physical tape block size.  The parameters of a drive after startup are often "
"not the ones most operating systems use with these devices.  Most systems "
"use drives in variable-block mode if the drive supports that mode.  This "
"applies to most modern drives, including DATs, 8mm helical scan drives, "
"DLTs, etc.  It may be advisable to use these drives in variable-block mode "
"also in Linux (i.e., use B<MTSETBLK> or B<MTSETDEFBLK> at system startup to "
"set the mode), at least when exchanging data with a foreign system.  The "
"drawback of this is that a fairly large tape block size has to be used to "
"get acceptable data transfer rates on the SCSI bus."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:918
msgid ""
"Many programs (e.g., B<tar>(1))  allow the user to specify the blocking "
"factor on the command line.  Note that this determines the physical block "
"size on tape only in variable-block mode."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:925
msgid ""
"In order to use SCSI tape drives, the basic SCSI driver, a SCSI-adapter "
"driver and the SCSI tape driver must be either configured into the kernel or "
"loaded as modules.  If the SCSI-tape driver is not present, the drive is "
"recognized but the tape support described in this page is not available."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:930
msgid ""
"The driver writes error messages to the console/log.  The SENSE codes "
"written into some messages are automatically translated to text if verbose "
"SCSI messages are enabled in kernel configuration."
msgstr ""

#.  .SH COPYRIGHT
#.  Copyright \(co 1995 Robert K. Nichols.
#.  .br
#.  Copyright \(co 1999-2005 Kai M\(:akisara.
#.  .PP
#.  Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
#.  manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
#.  preserved on all copies.
#.  Additional permissions are contained in the header of the source file.
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:952
msgid ""
"The driver's internal buffering allows good throughput in fixed-block mode "
"also with small B<read>(2)  and B<write>(2)  byte counts.  With direct "
"transfers this is not possible and may cause a surprise when moving to the "
"2.6 kernel.  The solution is to tell the software to use larger transfers "
"(often telling it to use larger blocks).  If this is not possible, direct "
"transfers can be disabled."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:954
msgid "B<mt>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/st.4:962
msgid ""
"The file I<drivers/scsi/README.st> or I<Documentation/scsi/st.txt> (kernel "
"E<gt>= 2.6) in the kernel sources contains the most recent information about "
"the driver and its configuration possibilities."
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:41
#, no-wrap
msgid "STDARG"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:41
#, no-wrap
msgid "2001-10-14"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:44
msgid "stdarg, va_start, va_arg, va_end, va_copy - variable argument lists"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:46 build/C/man3/syslog.3:47
msgid "B<#include E<lt>stdarg.hE<gt>>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:48
msgid "B<void va_start(va_list >I<ap>B<, >I<last>B<);>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:50
msgid "I<type>B< va_arg(va_list >I<ap>B<, >I<type>B<);>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:52
msgid "B<void va_end(va_list >I<ap>B<);>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:54
msgid "B<void va_copy(va_list >I<dest>B<, va_list >I<src>B<);>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:63
msgid ""
"A function may be called with a varying number of arguments of varying "
"types.  The include file I<E<lt>stdarg.hE<gt>> declares a type I<va_list> "
"and defines three macros for stepping through a list of arguments whose "
"number and types are not known to the called function."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:71
msgid ""
"The called function must declare an object of type I<va_list> which is used "
"by the macros B<va_start>(), B<va_arg>(), and B<va_end>()."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:71
#, no-wrap
msgid "va_start()"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:81
msgid ""
"The B<va_start>()  macro initializes I<ap> for subsequent use by B<va_arg>()  "
"and B<va_end>(), and must be called first."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:86
msgid ""
"The argument I<last> is the name of the last argument before the variable "
"argument list, that is, the last argument of which the calling function "
"knows the type."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:91
msgid ""
"Because the address of this argument may be used in the B<va_start>()  "
"macro, it should not be declared as a register variable, or as a function or "
"an array type."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:91
#, no-wrap
msgid "va_arg()"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:113
msgid ""
"The B<va_arg>()  macro expands to an expression that has the type and value "
"of the next argument in the call.  The argument I<ap> is the I<va_list> "
"I<ap> initialized by B<va_start>().  Each call to B<va_arg>()  modifies "
"I<ap> so that the next call returns the next argument.  The argument I<type> "
"is a type name specified so that the type of a pointer to an object that has "
"the specified type can be obtained simply by adding a * to I<type>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:121
msgid ""
"The first use of the B<va_arg>()  macro after that of the B<va_start>()  "
"macro returns the argument after I<last>.  Successive invocations return the "
"values of the remaining arguments."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:126
msgid ""
"If there is no next argument, or if I<type> is not compatible with the type "
"of the actual next argument (as promoted according to the default argument "
"promotions), random errors will occur."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:134
msgid ""
"If I<ap> is passed to a function that uses B<va_arg(>I<ap>B<,>I<type>B<)> "
"then the value of I<ap> is undefined after the return of that function."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:134
#, no-wrap
msgid "va_end()"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:153
msgid ""
"Each invocation of B<va_start>()  must be matched by a corresponding "
"invocation of B<va_end>()  in the same function.  After the call "
"B<va_end(>I<ap>B<)> the variable I<ap> is undefined.  Multiple traversals of "
"the list, each bracketed by B<va_start>()  and B<va_end>()  are possible.  "
"B<va_end>()  may be a macro or a function."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:153
#, no-wrap
msgid "va_copy()"
msgstr ""

#.  Proposal from clive@demon.net, 1997-02-28
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:160
msgid ""
"An obvious implementation would have a I<va_list> be a pointer to the stack "
"frame of the variadic function.  In such a setup (by far the most common) "
"there seems nothing against an assignment"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:164
#, no-wrap
msgid "va_list aq = ap;\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:169
msgid ""
"Unfortunately, there are also systems that make it an array of pointers (of "
"length 1), and there one needs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:174
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"va_list aq;\n"
"*aq = *ap;\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:190
msgid ""
"Finally, on systems where arguments are passed in registers, it may be "
"necessary for B<va_start>()  to allocate memory, store the arguments there, "
"and also an indication of which argument is next, so that B<va_arg>()  can "
"step through the list.  Now B<va_end>()  can free the allocated memory "
"again.  To accommodate this situation, C99 adds a macro B<va_copy>(), so "
"that the above assignment can be replaced by"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:197
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"va_list aq;\n"
"va_copy(aq, ap);\n"
"\\&...\n"
"va_end(aq);\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:210
msgid ""
"Each invocation of B<va_copy>()  must be matched by a corresponding "
"invocation of B<va_end>()  in the same function.  Some systems that do not "
"supply B<va_copy>()  have B<__va_copy> instead, since that was the name used "
"in the draft proposal."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:220
msgid ""
"The B<va_start>(), B<va_arg>(), and B<va_end>()  macros conform to C89.  C99 "
"defines the B<va_copy>()  macro."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:226
msgid ""
"These macros are I<not> compatible with the historic macros they replace.  A "
"backward-compatible version can be found in the include file "
"I<E<lt>varargs.hE<gt>>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:228
msgid "The historic setup is:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:232
#, no-wrap
msgid "#include E<lt>varargs.hE<gt>\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:238
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"void\n"
"foo(va_alist)\n"
"    va_dcl\n"
"{\n"
"    va_list ap;\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:247
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    va_start(ap);\n"
"    while (...) {\n"
"        ...\n"
"        x = va_arg(ap, type);\n"
"        ...\n"
"    }\n"
"    va_end(ap);\n"
"}\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:256
msgid ""
"On some systems, I<va_end> contains a closing \\(aq}\\(aq matching a "
"\\(aq{\\(aq in I<va_start>, so that both macros must occur in the same "
"function, and in a way that allows this."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:272
msgid ""
"Unlike the B<varargs> macros, the B<stdarg> macros do not permit programmers "
"to code a function with no fixed arguments.  This problem generates work "
"mainly when converting B<varargs> code to B<stdarg> code, but it also "
"creates difficulties for variadic functions that wish to pass all of their "
"arguments on to a function that takes a I<va_list> argument, such as "
"B<vfprintf>(3)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:277
msgid ""
"The function I<foo> takes a string of format characters and prints out the "
"argument associated with each format character based on the type."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:281
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
"#include E<lt>stdarg.hE<gt>\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:288
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"void\n"
"foo(char *fmt, ...)\n"
"{\n"
"    va_list ap;\n"
"    int d;\n"
"    char c, *s;\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:309
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    va_start(ap, fmt);\n"
"    while (*fmt)\n"
"        switch (*fmt++) {\n"
"        case \\(aqs\\(aq:              /* string */\n"
"            s = va_arg(ap, char *);\n"
"            printf(\"string %s\\en\", s);\n"
"            break;\n"
"        case \\(aqd\\(aq:              /* int */\n"
"            d = va_arg(ap, int);\n"
"            printf(\"int %d\\en\", d);\n"
"            break;\n"
"        case \\(aqc\\(aq:              /* char */\n"
"            /* need a cast here since va_arg only\n"
"               takes fully promoted types */\n"
"            c = (char) va_arg(ap, int);\n"
"            printf(\"char %c\\en\", c);\n"
"            break;\n"
"        }\n"
"    va_end(ap);\n"
"}\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man2/syslog.2:29 build/C/man3/syslog.3:34
#, no-wrap
msgid "SYSLOG"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man2/syslog.2:29
#, no-wrap
msgid "2011-09-07"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/syslog.2:33
msgid ""
"syslog, klogctl - read and/or clear kernel message ring buffer; set "
"console_loglevel"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/syslog.2:37
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"B<int syslog(int >I<type>B<, char *>I<bufp>B<, int >I<len>B<);>\n"
"B</* No wrapper provided in glibc */>\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/syslog.2:39
#, no-wrap
msgid "/* The glibc interface */\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/syslog.2:41
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/klog.hE<gt>>\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/syslog.2:43
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<int klogctl(int >I<type>B<, char *>I<bufp>B<, int >I<len>B<);>\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/syslog.2:55
msgid ""
"If you need the C library function B<syslog>()  (which talks to "
"B<syslogd>(8)), then look at B<syslog>(3).  The system call of this name is "
"about controlling the kernel I<printk>()  buffer, and the glibc wrapper "
"function is called B<klogctl>()."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/syslog.2:58
msgid ""
"The I<type> argument determines the action taken by this function, as "
"follows:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/syslog.2:71
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"      0 -- Close the log.  Currently a NOP.\n"
"      1 -- Open the log. Currently a NOP.\n"
"      2 -- Read from the log.\n"
"      3 -- Read all messages remaining in the ring buffer.\n"
"      4 -- Read and clear all messages remaining in the ring buffer\n"
"      5 -- Clear ring buffer.\n"
"      6 -- Disable printk to console\n"
"      7 -- Enable printk to console\n"
"      8 -- Set level of messages printed to console\n"
"      9 -- Return number of unread characters in the log buffer\n"
"     10 -- Return size of the log buffer\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/syslog.2:74
msgid "Type 9 was added in Linux 2.4.10; type 10 in Linux 2.6.6."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/syslog.2:90
msgid ""
"In Linux kernels before 2.6.37, only command types 3 and 10 are allowed to "
"unprivileged processes.  Since Linux 2.6.37, command types 3 and 10 are only "
"allowed to unprivileged processes if I</proc/sys/kernel/dmesg_restrict> has "
"the value 0.  Before Linux 2.6.37, \"privileged\" means that the caller has "
"the B<CAP_SYS_ADMIN> capability.  Since Linux 2.6.37, \"privileged\" means "
"that the caller has either the B<CAP_SYS_ADMIN> capability (now deprecated "
"for this purpose) or the (new)  B<CAP_SYSLOG> capability."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man2/syslog.2:90
#, no-wrap
msgid "The kernel log buffer"
msgstr ""

#.  Under "General setup" ==> "Kernel log buffer size"
#.  For 2.6, precisely the option seems to have appeared in 2.5.55.
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/syslog.2:105
msgid ""
"The kernel has a cyclic buffer of length B<LOG_BUF_LEN> in which messages "
"given as arguments to the kernel function B<printk>()  are stored "
"(regardless of their loglevel).  In early kernels, B<LOG_BUF_LEN> had the "
"value 4096; from kernel 1.3.54, it was 8192; from kernel 2.1.113 it was "
"16384; since 2.4.23/2.6 the value is a kernel configuration option.  In "
"recent kernels the size can be queried with command type 10."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/syslog.2:117
msgid ""
"The call I<syslog(2,buf,len)> waits until this kernel log buffer is "
"nonempty, and then reads at most I<len> bytes into the buffer I<buf>.  It "
"returns the number of bytes read.  Bytes read from the log disappear from "
"the log buffer: the information can only be read once.  This is the function "
"executed by the kernel when a user program reads I</proc/kmsg>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/syslog.2:124
msgid ""
"The call I<syslog(3,buf,len)> will read the last I<len> bytes from the log "
"buffer (nondestructively), but will not read more than was written into the "
"buffer since the last \"clear ring buffer\" command (which does not clear "
"the buffer at all).  It returns the number of bytes read."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/syslog.2:128
msgid ""
"The call I<syslog(4,buf,len)> does precisely the same, but also executes the "
"\"clear ring buffer\" command."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/syslog.2:137
msgid ""
"The call I<syslog(5,dummy,dummy)> executes just the \"clear ring buffer\" "
"command.  (In each call where I<buf> or I<len> is shown as \"dummy\", the "
"value of the argument is ignored by the call.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/syslog.2:142
msgid ""
"The call I<syslog(6,dummy,dummy)> sets the console log level to minimum, so "
"that no messages are printed to the console."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/syslog.2:147
msgid ""
"The call I<syslog(7,dummy,dummy)> sets the console log level to default, so "
"that messages are printed to the console."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/syslog.2:156
msgid ""
"The call I<syslog(8,dummy,level)> sets the console log level to I<level>, "
"which must be an integer between 1 and 8 (inclusive).  See the B<loglevel> "
"section for details."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/syslog.2:161
msgid ""
"The call I<syslog(9,dummy,dummy)> returns the number of bytes currently "
"available to be read on the kernel log buffer."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/syslog.2:165
msgid ""
"The call I<syslog(10,dummy,dummy)> returns the total size of the kernel log "
"buffer."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man2/syslog.2:165
#, no-wrap
msgid "The loglevel"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/syslog.2:182
msgid ""
"The kernel routine B<printk>()  will only print a message on the console, if "
"it has a loglevel less than the value of the variable I<console_loglevel>.  "
"This variable initially has the value B<DEFAULT_CONSOLE_LOGLEVEL> (7), but "
"is set to 10 if the kernel command line contains the word \"debug\", and to "
"15 in case of a kernel fault (the 10 and 15 are just silly, and equivalent "
"to 8).  This variable is set (to a value in the range 1-8) by the call "
"I<syslog(8,dummy,value)>.  The calls I<syslog(type,dummy,dummy)> with "
"I<type> equal to 6 or 7, set it to 1 (kernel panics only)  or 7 (all except "
"debugging messages), respectively."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/syslog.2:192
msgid ""
"Every text line in a message has its own loglevel.  This level is "
"I<DEFAULT_MESSAGE_LOGLEVEL - 1> (6) unless the line starts with E<lt>dE<gt> "
"where I<d> is a digit in the range 1-7, in which case the level is I<d>.  "
"The conventional meaning of the loglevel is defined in "
"I<E<lt>linux/kernel.hE<gt>> as follows:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/syslog.2:202
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"#define KERN_EMERG    \"E<lt>0E<gt>\"  /* system is unusable               "
"*/\n"
"#define KERN_ALERT    \"E<lt>1E<gt>\"  /* action must be taken immediately "
"*/\n"
"#define KERN_CRIT     \"E<lt>2E<gt>\"  /* critical conditions              "
"*/\n"
"#define KERN_ERR      \"E<lt>3E<gt>\"  /* error conditions                 "
"*/\n"
"#define KERN_WARNING  \"E<lt>4E<gt>\"  /* warning conditions               "
"*/\n"
"#define KERN_NOTICE   \"E<lt>5E<gt>\"  /* normal but significant condition "
"*/\n"
"#define KERN_INFO     \"E<lt>6E<gt>\"  /* informational                    "
"*/\n"
"#define KERN_DEBUG    \"E<lt>7E<gt>\"  /* debug-level messages             "
"*/\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/syslog.2:216
msgid ""
"For I<type> equal to 2, 3, or 4, a successful call to B<syslog>()  returns "
"the number of bytes read.  For I<type> 9, B<syslog>()  returns the number of "
"bytes currently available to be read on the kernel log buffer.  For I<type> "
"10, B<syslog>()  returns the total size of the kernel log buffer.  For other "
"values of I<type>, 0 is returned on success."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/syslog.2:219
msgid "In case of error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set to indicate the error."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/syslog.2:237
msgid ""
"Bad arguments (e.g., bad I<type>; or for I<type> 2, 3, or 4, I<buf> is NULL, "
"or I<len> is less than zero; or for I<type> 8, the I<level> is outside the "
"range 1 to 8)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/syslog.2:244
msgid ""
"This B<syslog>()  system call is not available, because the kernel was "
"compiled with the B<CONFIG_PRINTK> kernel-configuration option disabled."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/syslog.2:253
msgid ""
"An attempt was made to change console_loglevel or clear the kernel message "
"ring buffer by a process without sufficient privilege (more precisely: "
"without the B<CAP_SYS_ADMIN> or B<CAP_SYSLOG> capability)."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man2/syslog.2:253
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<ERESTARTSYS>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/syslog.2:257
msgid ""
"System call was interrupted by a signal; nothing was read.  (This can be "
"seen only during a trace.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/syslog.2:260
msgid ""
"This system call is Linux-specific and should not be used in programs "
"intended to be portable."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/syslog.2:268
msgid ""
"From the very start people noted that it is unfortunate that a system call "
"and a library routine of the same name are entirely different animals.  In "
"libc4 and libc5 the number of this call was defined by B<SYS_klog>.  In "
"glibc 2.0 the syscall is baptized B<klogctl>()."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/syslog.2:271
msgid "B<syslog>(3), B<capabilities>(7)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:34
#, no-wrap
msgid "2008-11-12"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:37
msgid "closelog, openlog, syslog, vsyslog - send messages to the system logger"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:39
msgid "B<#include E<lt>syslog.hE<gt>>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:41
msgid ""
"B<void openlog(const char *>I<ident>B<, int >I<option>B<, int "
">I<facility>B<);>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:43
msgid "B<void syslog(int >I<priority>B<, const char *>I<format>B<, ...);>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:45
msgid "B<void closelog(void);>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:49
msgid ""
"B<void vsyslog(int >I<priority>B<, const char *>I<format>B<, va_list "
">I<ap>B<);>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:57
msgid "B<vsyslog>(): _BSD_SOURCE"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:63
msgid ""
"B<closelog>()  closes the descriptor being used to write to the system "
"logger.  The use of B<closelog>()  is optional."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:92
msgid ""
"B<openlog>()  opens a connection to the system logger for a program.  The "
"string pointed to by I<ident> is prepended to every message, and is "
"typically set to the program name.  The I<option> argument specifies flags "
"which control the operation of B<openlog>()  and subsequent calls to "
"B<syslog>().  The I<facility> argument establishes a default to be used if "
"none is specified in subsequent calls to B<syslog>().  Values for I<option> "
"and I<facility> are given below.  The use of B<openlog>()  is optional; it "
"will automatically be called by B<syslog>()  if necessary, in which case "
"I<ident> will default to NULL."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:116
msgid ""
"B<syslog>()  generates a log message, which will be distributed by "
"B<syslogd>(8).  The I<priority> argument is formed by ORing the I<facility> "
"and the I<level> values (explained below).  The remaining arguments are a "
"I<format>, as in B<printf>(3)  and any arguments required by the I<format>, "
"except that the two character sequence B<%m> will be replaced by the error "
"message string I<strerror>(I<errno>).  A trailing newline may be added if "
"needed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:125
msgid ""
"The function B<vsyslog>()  performs the same task as B<syslog>()  with the "
"difference that it takes a set of arguments which have been obtained using "
"the B<stdarg>(3)  variable argument list macros."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:128
msgid ""
"The subsections below list the parameters used to set the values of "
"I<option>,I< facility>, and I<priority>."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:128
#, no-wrap
msgid "option"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:134
msgid "The I<option> argument to B<openlog>()  is an OR of any of these:"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:134
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<LOG_CONS>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:138
msgid ""
"Write directly to system console if there is an error while sending to "
"system logger."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:138
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<LOG_NDELAY>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:142
msgid ""
"Open the connection immediately (normally, the connection is opened when the "
"first message is logged)."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:142
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<LOG_NOWAIT>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:148
msgid ""
"Don't wait for child processes that may have been created while logging the "
"message.  (The GNU C library does not create a child process, so this option "
"has no effect on Linux.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:148
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<LOG_ODELAY>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:156
msgid ""
"The converse of B<LOG_NDELAY>; opening of the connection is delayed until "
"B<syslog>()  is called.  (This is the default, and need not be specified.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:156
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<LOG_PERROR>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:160
msgid "(Not in POSIX.1-2001.)  Print to I<stderr> as well."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:160
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<LOG_PID>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:163
msgid "Include PID with each message."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:163
#, no-wrap
msgid "facility"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:169
msgid ""
"The I<facility> argument is used to specify what type of program is logging "
"the message.  This lets the configuration file specify that messages from "
"different facilities will be handled differently."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:169
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<LOG_AUTH>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:174
msgid "security/authorization messages (DEPRECATED Use B<LOG_AUTHPRIV> instead)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:174
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<LOG_AUTHPRIV>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:177
msgid "security/authorization messages (private)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:177
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<LOG_CRON>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:181
msgid "clock daemon (B<cron> and B<at>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:181
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<LOG_DAEMON>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:184
msgid "system daemons without separate facility value"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:184
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<LOG_FTP>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:187
msgid "ftp daemon"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:187
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<LOG_KERN>"
msgstr ""

#.  LOG_KERN has the value 0; if used as a facility, zero translates to:
#.  "use the default facility".
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:192
msgid "kernel messages (these can't be generated from user processes)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:192
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<LOG_LOCAL0> through B<LOG_LOCAL7>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:195
msgid "reserved for local use"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:195
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<LOG_LPR>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:198
msgid "line printer subsystem"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:198
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<LOG_MAIL>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:201
msgid "mail subsystem"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:201
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<LOG_NEWS>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:204
msgid "USENET news subsystem"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:204
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<LOG_SYSLOG>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:208
msgid "messages generated internally by B<syslogd>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:208
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<LOG_USER> (default)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:211
msgid "generic user-level messages"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:211
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<LOG_UUCP>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:214
msgid "UUCP subsystem"
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:214
#, no-wrap
msgid "level"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:217
msgid ""
"This determines the importance of the message.  The levels are, in order of "
"decreasing importance:"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:217
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<LOG_EMERG>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:220
msgid "system is unusable"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:220
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<LOG_ALERT>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:223
msgid "action must be taken immediately"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:223
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<LOG_CRIT>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:226
msgid "critical conditions"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:226
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<LOG_ERR>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:229
msgid "error conditions"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:229
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<LOG_WARNING>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:232
msgid "warning conditions"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:232
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<LOG_NOTICE>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:235
msgid "normal, but significant, condition"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:235
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<LOG_INFO>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:238
msgid "informational message"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:238
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<LOG_DEBUG>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:241
msgid "debug-level message"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:245
msgid ""
"The function B<setlogmask>(3)  can be used to restrict logging to specified "
"levels only."
msgstr ""

#.  .SH HISTORY
#.  A
#.  .BR syslog ()
#.  function call appeared in 4.2BSD.
#.  4.3BSD documents
#.  .BR openlog (),
#.  .BR syslog (),
#.  .BR closelog (),
#.  and
#.  .BR setlogmask ().
#.  4.3BSD-Reno also documents
#.  .BR vsyslog ().
#.  Of course early v* functions used the
#.  .I <varargs.h>
#.  mechanism, which is not compatible with
#.  .IR <stdarg.h> .
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:289
msgid ""
"The functions B<openlog>(), B<closelog>(), and B<syslog>()  (but not "
"B<vsyslog>())  are specified in SUSv2 and POSIX.1-2001.  POSIX.1-2001 "
"specifies only the B<LOG_USER> and B<LOG_LOCAL*> values for I<facility>.  "
"However, with the exception of B<LOG_AUTHPRIV> and B<LOG_FTP>, the other "
"I<facility> values appear on most UNIX systems.  The B<LOG_PERROR> value for "
"I<option> is not specified by POSIX.1-2001, but is available in most "
"versions of UNIX."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:301
msgid ""
"The argument I<ident> in the call of B<openlog>()  is probably stored "
"as-is.  Thus, if the string it points to is changed, B<syslog>()  may start "
"prepending the changed string, and if the string it points to ceases to "
"exist, the results are undefined.  Most portable is to use a string "
"constant."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:304
msgid ""
"Never pass a string with user-supplied data as a format, use the following "
"instead:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:307
#, no-wrap
msgid "    syslog(priority, \"%s\", string);\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man3/syslog.3:313
msgid "B<logger>(1), B<setlogmask>(3), B<syslog.conf>(5), B<syslogd>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/ttyS.4:25
#, no-wrap
msgid "TTYS"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/ttyS.4:25
#, no-wrap
msgid "1992-12-19"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/ttyS.4:28
msgid "ttyS - serial terminal lines"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/ttyS.4:30
msgid "B<ttyS[0-3]> are character devices for the serial terminal lines."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/ttyS.4:35
msgid "mknod -m 660 /dev/ttyS0 c 4 64 # base address 0x3f8"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/ttyS.4:37
msgid "mknod -m 660 /dev/ttyS1 c 4 65 # base address 0x2f8"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/ttyS.4:39
msgid "mknod -m 660 /dev/ttyS2 c 4 66 # base address 0x3e8"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/ttyS.4:41
msgid "mknod -m 660 /dev/ttyS3 c 4 67 # base address 0x2e8"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/ttyS.4:43
msgid "chown root:tty /dev/ttyS[0-3]"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/ttyS.4:46
msgid "/dev/ttyS[0-3]"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/ttyS.4:53
msgid ""
"B<chown>(1), B<mknod>(1), B<tty>(4), B<agetty>(8), B<mingetty>(8), "
"B<setserial>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:47
#, no-wrap
msgid "URI"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:47
#, no-wrap
msgid "2000-03-14"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:50
msgid "uri, url, urn - uniform resource identifier (URI), including a URL or URN"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:54
#, no-wrap
msgid "URI = [ absoluteURI | relativeURI ] [ \"#\" fragment ]\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:56
#, no-wrap
msgid "absoluteURI = scheme \":\" ( hierarchical_part | opaque_part )\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:58
#, no-wrap
msgid "relativeURI = ( net_path | absolute_path | relative_path ) [ \"?\" query ]\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:61
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"scheme = \"http\" | \"ftp\" | \"gopher\" | \"mailto\" | \"news\" | "
"\"telnet\" |\n"
"         \"file\" | \"man\" | \"info\" | \"whatis\" | \"ldap\" | \"wais\" | "
"\\&...\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:63
#, no-wrap
msgid "hierarchical_part = ( net_path | absolute_path ) [ \"?\" query ]\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:65
#, no-wrap
msgid "net_path = \"//\" authority [ absolute_path ]\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:67
#, no-wrap
msgid "absolute_path = \"/\"  path_segments\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:69
#, no-wrap
msgid "relative_path = relative_segment [ absolute_path ]\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:81
msgid ""
"A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a short string of characters "
"identifying an abstract or physical resource (for example, a web page).  A "
"Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a URI that identifies a resource through "
"its primary access mechanism (e.g., its network \"location\"), rather than "
"by name or some other attribute of that resource.  A Uniform Resource Name "
"(URN) is a URI that must remain globally unique and persistent even when the "
"resource ceases to exist or becomes unavailable."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:88
msgid ""
"URIs are the standard way to name hypertext link destinations for tools such "
"as web browsers.  The string \"http://www.kernelnotes.org\" is a URL (and "
"thus it is also a URI).  Many people use the term URL loosely as a synonym "
"for URI (though technically URLs are a subset of URIs)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:104
msgid ""
"URIs can be absolute or relative.  An absolute identifier refers to a "
"resource independent of context, while a relative identifier refers to a "
"resource by describing the difference from the current context.  Within a "
"relative path reference, the complete path segments \".\" and \"..\" have "
"special meanings: \"the current hierarchy level\" and \"the level above this "
"hierarchy level\", respectively, just like they do in UNIX-like systems.  A "
"path segment which contains a colon character can't be used as the first "
"segment of a relative URI path (e.g., \"this:that\"), because it would be "
"mistaken for a scheme name; precede such segments with ./ (e.g., "
"\"./this:that\").  Note that descendants of MS-DOS (e.g., Microsoft Windows) "
"replace devicename colons with the vertical bar (\"|\") in URIs, so \"C:\" "
"becomes \"C|\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:108
msgid ""
"A fragment identifier, if included, refers to a particular named portion "
"(fragment) of a resource; text after a \\(aq#\\(aq identifies the fragment.  "
"A URI beginning with \\(aq#\\(aq refers to that fragment in the current "
"resource."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:116
msgid ""
"There are many different URI schemes, each with specific additional rules "
"and meanings, but they are intentionally made to be as similar as possible.  "
"For example, many URL schemes permit the authority to be the following "
"format, called here an I<ip_server> (square brackets show what's optional):"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:118
msgid "I<ip_server = >[I<user> [ : I<password> ] @ ] I<host> [ : I<port>]"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:134
msgid ""
"This format allows you to optionally insert a username, a user plus "
"password, and/or a port number.  The I<host> is the name of the host "
"computer, either its name as determined by DNS or an IP address (numbers "
"separated by periods).  Thus the URI "
"E<lt>http://fred:fredpassword@xyz.com:8080/E<gt> logs into a web server on "
"host xyz.com as fred (using fredpassword) using port 8080.  Avoid including "
"a password in a URI if possible because of the many security risks of having "
"a password written down.  If the URL supplies a username but no password, "
"and the remote server requests a password, the program interpreting the URL "
"should request one from the user."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:139
msgid ""
"Here are some of the most common schemes in use on UNIX-like systems that "
"are understood by many tools.  Note that many tools using URIs also have "
"internal schemes or specialized schemes; see those tools' documentation for "
"information on those schemes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:141
msgid "B<http - Web (HTTP) server>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:143
msgid "http://I<ip_server>/I<path>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:145
msgid "http://I<ip_server>/I<path>?I<query>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:153
msgid ""
"This is a URL accessing a web (HTTP) server.  The default port is 80.  If "
"the path refers to a directory, the web server will choose what to return; "
"usually if there is a file named \"index.html\" or \"index.htm\" its content "
"is returned, otherwise, a list of the files in the current directory (with "
"appropriate links) is generated and returned.  An example is "
"E<lt>http://lwn.netE<gt>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:174
msgid ""
"A query can be given in the archaic \"isindex\" format, consisting of a word "
"or phrase and not including an equal sign (=).  A query can also be in the "
"longer \"GET\" format, which has one or more query entries of the form "
"I<key>=I<value> separated by the ampersand character (&).  Note that I<key> "
"can be repeated more than once, though it's up to the web server and its "
"application programs to determine if there's any meaning to that.  There is "
"an unfortunate interaction with HTML/XML/SGML and the GET query format; when "
"such URIs with more than one key are embedded in SGML/XML documents "
"(including HTML), the ampersand (&) has to be rewritten as &amp;.  Note that "
"not all queries use this format; larger forms may be too long to store as a "
"URI, so they use a different interaction mechanism (called POST) which does "
"not include the data in the URI.  See the Common Gateway Interface "
"specification at E<lt>http://www.w3.org/CGIE<gt> for more information."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:176
msgid "B<ftp - File Transfer Protocol (FTP)>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:178
msgid "ftp://I<ip_server>/I<path>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:186
msgid ""
"This is a URL accessing a file through the file transfer protocol (FTP).  "
"The default port (for control) is 21.  If no username is included, the "
"username \"anonymous\" is supplied, and in that case many clients provide as "
"the password the requestor's Internet email address.  An example is "
"E<lt>ftp://ftp.is.co.za/rfc/rfc1808.txtE<gt>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:188
msgid "B<gopher - Gopher server>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:190
msgid "gopher://I<ip_server>/I<gophertype selector>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:192
msgid "gopher://I<ip_server>/I<gophertype selector>%09I<search>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:194
msgid "gopher://I<ip_server>/I<gophertype selector>%09I<search>%09I<gopher+_string>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:204
msgid ""
"The default gopher port is 70.  I<gophertype> is a single-character field to "
"denote the Gopher type of the resource to which the URL refers.  The entire "
"path may also be empty, in which case the delimiting \"/\" is also optional "
"and the gophertype defaults to \"1\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:211
msgid ""
"I<selector> is the Gopher selector string.  In the Gopher protocol, Gopher "
"selector strings are a sequence of octets which may contain any octets "
"except 09 hexadecimal (US-ASCII HT or tab), 0A hexadecimal (US-ASCII "
"character LF), and 0D (US-ASCII character CR)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:213
msgid "B<mailto - Email address>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:215
msgid "mailto:I<email-address>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:223
msgid ""
"This is an email address, usually of the form I<name>@I<hostname>.  See "
"B<mailaddr>(7)  for more information on the correct format of an email "
"address.  Note that any % character must be rewritten as %25.  An example is "
"E<lt>mailto:dwheeler@dwheeler.comE<gt>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:225
msgid "B<news - Newsgroup or News message>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:227
msgid "news:I<newsgroup-name>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:229
msgid "news:I<message-id>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:237
msgid ""
"A I<newsgroup-name> is a period-delimited hierarchical name, such as "
"\"comp.infosystems.www.misc\".  If E<lt>newsgroup-nameE<gt> is \"*\" (as in "
"E<lt>news:*E<gt>), it is used to refer to \"all available news groups\".  An "
"example is E<lt>news:comp.lang.adaE<gt>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:241
msgid "A I<message-id> corresponds to the Message-ID of"
msgstr ""

#. type: UR
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:241
#, no-wrap
msgid "http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1036.txt"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:243
msgid "IETF RFC\\ 1036,"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:249
msgid ""
"without the enclosing \"E<lt>\" and \"E<gt>\"; it takes the form "
"I<unique>@I<full_domain_name>.  A message identifier may be distinguished "
"from a news group name by the presence of the \"@\" character."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:251
msgid "B<telnet - Telnet login>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:253
msgid "telnet://I<ip_server>/"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:259
msgid ""
"The Telnet URL scheme is used to designate interactive text services that "
"may be accessed by the Telnet protocol.  The final \"/\" character may be "
"omitted.  The default port is 23.  An example is "
"E<lt>telnet://melvyl.ucop.edu/E<gt>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:261
msgid "B<file - Normal file>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:263
msgid "file://I<ip_server>/I<path_segments>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:265
msgid "file:I<path_segments>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:282
msgid ""
"This represents a file or directory accessible locally.  As a special case, "
"I<host> can be the string \"localhost\" or the empty string; this is "
"interpreted as \"the machine from which the URL is being interpreted\".  If "
"the path is to a directory, the viewer should display the directory's "
"contents with links to each containee; not all viewers currently do this.  "
"KDE supports generated files through the URL E<lt>file:/cgi-binE<gt>.  If "
"the given file isn't found, browser writers may want to try to expand the "
"filename via filename globbing (see B<glob>(7)  and B<glob>(3))."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:296
msgid ""
"The second format (e.g., E<lt>file:/etc/passwdE<gt>)  is a correct format "
"for referring to a local file.  However, older standards did not permit this "
"format, and some programs don't recognize this as a URI.  A more portable "
"syntax is to use an empty string as the server name, for example, "
"E<lt>file:///etc/passwdE<gt>; this form does the same thing and is easily "
"recognized by pattern matchers and older programs as a URI.  Note that if "
"you really mean to say \"start from the current location,\" don't specify "
"the scheme at all; use a relative address like E<lt>../test.txtE<gt>, which "
"has the side-effect of being scheme-independent.  An example of this scheme "
"is E<lt>file:///etc/passwdE<gt>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:298
msgid "B<man - Man page documentation>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:300
msgid "man:I<command-name>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:302
msgid "man:I<command-name>(I<section>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:311
msgid ""
"This refers to local online manual (man) reference pages.  The command name "
"can optionally be followed by a parenthesis and section number; see "
"B<man>(7)  for more information on the meaning of the section numbers.  This "
"URI scheme is unique to UNIX-like systems (such as Linux)  and is not "
"currently registered by the IETF.  An example is E<lt>man:ls(1)E<gt>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:313
msgid "B<info - Info page documentation>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:315
msgid "info:I<virtual-filename>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:317
msgid "info:I<virtual-filename>#I<nodename>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:319
msgid "info:(I<virtual-filename>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:321
msgid "info:(I<virtual-filename>)I<nodename>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:340
msgid ""
"This scheme refers to online info reference pages (generated from texinfo "
"files), a documentation format used by programs such as the GNU tools.  This "
"URI scheme is unique to UNIX-like systems (such as Linux)  and is not "
"currently registered by the IETF.  As of this writing, GNOME and KDE differ "
"in their URI syntax and do not accept the other's syntax.  The first two "
"formats are the GNOME format; in nodenames all spaces are written as "
"underscores.  The second two formats are the KDE format; spaces in nodenames "
"must be written as spaces, even though this is forbidden by the URI "
"standards.  It's hoped that in the future most tools will understand all of "
"these formats and will always accept underscores for spaces in nodenames.  "
"In both GNOME and KDE, if the form without the nodename is used the nodename "
"is assumed to be \"Top\".  Examples of the GNOME format are "
"E<lt>info:gccE<gt> and E<lt>info:gcc#G++_and_GCCE<gt>.  Examples of the KDE "
"format are E<lt>info:(gcc)E<gt> and E<lt>info:(gcc)G++ and GCCE<gt>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:342
msgid "B<whatis - Documentation search>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:344
msgid "whatis:I<string>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:352
msgid ""
"This scheme searches the database of short (one-line) descriptions of "
"commands and returns a list of descriptions containing that string.  Only "
"complete word matches are returned.  See B<whatis>(1).  This URI scheme is "
"unique to UNIX-like systems (such as Linux)  and is not currently registered "
"by the IETF."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:354
msgid "B<ghelp - GNOME help documentation>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:356
msgid "ghelp:I<name-of-application>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:359
msgid ""
"This loads GNOME help for the given application.  Note that not much "
"documentation currently exists in this format."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:361
msgid "B<ldap - Lightweight Directory Access Protocol>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:363
msgid "ldap://I<hostport>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:365
msgid "ldap://I<hostport>/"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:367
msgid "ldap://I<hostport>/I<dn>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:369
msgid "ldap://I<hostport>/I<dn>?I<attributes>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:371
msgid "ldap://I<hostport>/I<dn>?I<attributes>?I<scope>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:373
msgid "ldap://I<hostport>/I<dn>?I<attributes>?I<scope>?I<filter>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:375
msgid "ldap://I<hostport>/I<dn>?I<attributes>?I<scope>?I<filter>?I<extensions>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:381
msgid ""
"This scheme supports queries to the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol "
"(LDAP), a protocol for querying a set of servers for hierarchically "
"organized information (such as people and computing resources).  More "
"information on the LDAP URL scheme is available in"
msgstr ""

#. type: UR
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:381 build/C/man7/uri.7:704
#, no-wrap
msgid "http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2255.txt"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:383
msgid "RFC\\ 2255."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:385
msgid "The components of this URL are:"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:385
#, no-wrap
msgid "hostport"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:390
msgid ""
"the LDAP server to query, written as a hostname optionally followed by a "
"colon and the port number.  The default LDAP port is TCP port 389.  If "
"empty, the client determines which the LDAP server to use."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:390
#, no-wrap
msgid "dn"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:393
msgid ""
"the LDAP Distinguished Name, which identifies the base object of the LDAP "
"search (see"
msgstr ""

#. type: UR
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:393
#, no-wrap
msgid "http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2253.txt"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:395
msgid "RFC\\ 2253"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:397
msgid "section 3)."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:397
#, no-wrap
msgid "attributes"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:401
msgid ""
"a comma-separated list of attributes to be returned; see RFC\\ 2251 section "
"4.1.5.  If omitted, all attributes should be returned."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:401
#, no-wrap
msgid "scope"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:406
msgid ""
"specifies the scope of the search, which can be one of \"base\" (for a base "
"object search), \"one\" (for a one-level search), or \"sub\" (for a subtree "
"search).  If scope is omitted, \"base\" is assumed."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:406
#, no-wrap
msgid "filter"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:411
msgid ""
"specifies the search filter (subset of entries to return).  If omitted, all "
"entries should be returned.  See"
msgstr ""

#. type: UR
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:411
#, no-wrap
msgid "http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2254.txt"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:413
msgid "RFC\\ 2254"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:415
msgid "section 4."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:415
#, no-wrap
msgid "extensions"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:421
msgid ""
"a comma-separated list of type=value pairs, where the =value portion may be "
"omitted for options not requiring it.  An extension prefixed with a "
"\\(aq!\\(aq is critical (must be supported to be valid), otherwise it is "
"noncritical (optional)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:425
msgid ""
"LDAP queries are easiest to explain by example.  Here's a query that asks "
"ldap.itd.umich.edu for information about the University of Michigan in the "
"U.S.:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:428
#, no-wrap
msgid "ldap://ldap.itd.umich.edu/o=University%20of%20Michigan,c=US\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:431
msgid "To just get its postal address attribute, request:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:434
#, no-wrap
msgid "ldap://ldap.itd.umich.edu/o=University%20of%20Michigan,c=US?postalAddress\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:438
msgid ""
"To ask a host.com at port 6666 for information about the person with common "
"name (cn) \"Babs Jensen\" at University of Michigan, request:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:441
#, no-wrap
msgid "ldap://host.com:6666/o=University%20of%20Michigan,c=US??sub?(cn=Babs%20Jensen)\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:444
msgid "B<wais - Wide Area Information Servers>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:446
msgid "wais://I<hostport>/I<database>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:448
msgid "wais://I<hostport>/I<database>?I<search>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:450
msgid "wais://I<hostport>/I<database>/I<wtype>/I<wpath>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:453
msgid "This scheme designates a WAIS database, search, or document (see"
msgstr ""

#. type: UR
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:453
#, no-wrap
msgid "http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1625.txt"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:455
msgid "IETF RFC\\ 1625"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:459
msgid ""
"for more information on WAIS).  Hostport is the hostname, optionally "
"followed by a colon and port number (the default port number is 210)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:469
msgid ""
"The first form designates a WAIS database for searching.  The second form "
"designates a particular search of the WAIS database I<database>.  The third "
"form designates a particular document within a WAIS database to be "
"retrieved.  I<wtype> is the WAIS designation of the type of the object and "
"I<wpath> is the WAIS document-id."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:471
msgid "B<other schemes>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:485
msgid ""
"There are many other URI schemes.  Most tools that accept URIs support a set "
"of internal URIs (e.g., Mozilla has the about: scheme for internal "
"information, and the GNOME help browser has the toc: scheme for various "
"starting locations).  There are many schemes that have been defined but are "
"not as widely used at the current time (e.g., prospero).  The nntp: scheme "
"is deprecated in favor of the news: scheme.  URNs are to be supported by the "
"urn: scheme, with a hierarchical name space (e.g., urn:ietf:... would "
"identify IETF documents); at this time URNs are not widely implemented.  Not "
"all tools support all schemes."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:485
#, no-wrap
msgid "Character Encoding"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:489
msgid ""
"URIs use a limited number of characters so that they can be typed in and "
"used in a variety of situations."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:493
msgid ""
"The following characters are reserved, that is, they may appear in a URI but "
"their use is limited to their reserved purpose (conflicting data must be "
"escaped before forming the URI):"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:495
#, no-wrap
msgid "   ; / ? : @ & = + $ ,\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:501
msgid ""
"Unreserved characters may be included in a URI.  Unreserved characters "
"include upper and lower case English letters, decimal digits, and the "
"following limited set of punctuation marks and symbols:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:503
#, no-wrap
msgid " - _ . ! ~ * ' ( )\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:518
msgid ""
"All other characters must be escaped.  An escaped octet is encoded as a "
"character triplet, consisting of the percent character \"%\" followed by the "
"two hexadecimal digits representing the octet code (you can use upper or "
"lower case letters for the hexadecimal digits).  For example, a blank space "
"must be escaped as \"%20\", a tab character as \"%09\", and the \"&\" as "
"\"%26\".  Because the percent \"%\" character always has the reserved "
"purpose of being the escape indicator, it must be escaped as \"%25\".  It is "
"common practice to escape space characters as the plus symbol (+)  in query "
"text; this practice isn't uniformly defined in the relevant RFCs (which "
"recommend %20 instead) but any tool accepting URIs with query text should be "
"prepared for them.  A URI is always shown in its \"escaped\" form."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:524
msgid ""
"Unreserved characters can be escaped without changing the semantics of the "
"URI, but this should not be done unless the URI is being used in a context "
"that does not allow the unescaped character to appear.  For example, \"%7e\" "
"is sometimes used instead of \"~\" in an HTTP URL path, but the two are "
"equivalent for an HTTP URL."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:528
msgid ""
"For URIs which must handle characters outside the US ASCII character set, "
"the HTML 4.01 specification (section B.2) and IETF RFC\\ 2718 (section "
"2.2.5) recommend the following approach:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:532
msgid ""
"translate the character sequences into UTF-8 (IETF RFC\\ 2279)\\(emsee "
"B<utf-8>(7)\\(emand then"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:535
msgid ""
"use the URI escaping mechanism, that is, use the %HH encoding for unsafe "
"octets."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:535
#, no-wrap
msgid "Writing a URI"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:557
msgid ""
"When written, URIs should be placed inside double quotes (e.g., "
"\"http://www.kernelnotes.org\"), enclosed in angle brackets (e.g., "
"E<lt>http://lwn.netE<gt>), or placed on a line by themselves.  A warning for "
"those who use double-quotes: B<never> move extraneous punctuation (such as "
"the period ending a sentence or the comma in a list)  inside a URI, since "
"this will change the value of the URI.  Instead, use angle brackets instead, "
"or switch to a quoting system that never includes extraneous characters "
"inside quotation marks.  This latter system, called the 'new' or 'logical' "
"quoting system by \"Hart's Rules\" and the \"Oxford Dictionary for Writers "
"and Editors\", is preferred practice in Great Britain and hackers worldwide "
"(see the Jargon File's section on Hacker Writing Style, "
"I<http://www.fwi.uva.nl/~mes/jargon/h/HackerWritingStyle.html>, for more "
"information).  Older documents suggested inserting the prefix \"URL:\" just "
"before the URI, but this form has never caught on."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:579
msgid ""
"The URI syntax was designed to be unambiguous.  However, as URIs have become "
"commonplace, traditional media (television, radio, newspapers, billboards, "
"etc.) have increasingly used abbreviated URI references consisting of only "
"the authority and path portions of the identified resource (e.g., "
"E<lt>www.w3.org/AddressingE<gt>).  Such references are primarily intended "
"for human interpretation rather than machine, with the assumption that "
"context-based heuristics are sufficient to complete the URI (e.g., hostnames "
"beginning with \"www\" are likely to have a URI prefix of \"http://\" and "
"hostnames beginning with \"ftp\" likely to have a prefix of \"ftp://\").  "
"Many client implementations heuristically resolve these references.  Such "
"heuristics may change over time, particularly when new schemes are "
"introduced.  Since an abbreviated URI has the same syntax as a relative URL "
"path, abbreviated URI references cannot be used where relative URIs are "
"permitted, and can only be used when there is no defined base (such as in "
"dialog boxes).  Don't use abbreviated URIs as hypertext links inside a "
"document; use the standard format as described here."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:585
msgid ""
"I<http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt> (IETF RFC\\ 2396), "
"I<http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40> (HTML 4.0)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:591
msgid ""
"Any tool accepting URIs (e.g., a web browser) on a Linux system should be "
"able to handle (directly or indirectly) all of the schemes described here, "
"including the man: and info: schemes.  Handling them by invoking some other "
"program is fine and in fact encouraged."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:593
msgid "Technically the fragment isn't part of the URI."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:602
msgid ""
"For information on how to embed URIs (including URLs) in a data format, see "
"documentation on that format.  HTML uses the format E<lt>A "
"HREF=\"I<uri>\"E<gt> I<text> E<lt>/AE<gt>.  Texinfo files use the format "
"@uref{I<uri>}.  Man and mdoc have the recently added UR macro, or just "
"include the URI in the text (viewers should be able to detect :// as part of "
"a URI)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:623
msgid ""
"The GNOME and KDE desktop environments currently vary in the URIs they "
"accept, in particular in their respective help browsers.  To list man pages, "
"GNOME uses E<lt>toc:manE<gt> while KDE uses E<lt>man:(index)E<gt>, and to "
"list info pages, GNOME uses E<lt>toc:infoE<gt> while KDE uses "
"E<lt>info:(dir)E<gt> (the author of this man page prefers the KDE approach "
"here, though a more regular format would be even better).  In general, KDE "
"uses E<lt>file:/cgi-bin/E<gt> as a prefix to a set of generated files.  KDE "
"prefers documentation in HTML, accessed via the "
"E<lt>file:/cgi-bin/helpindexE<gt>.  GNOME prefers the ghelp scheme to store "
"and find documentation.  Neither browser handles file: references to "
"directories at the time of this writing, making it difficult to refer to an "
"entire directory with a browsable URI.  As noted above, these environments "
"differ in how they handle the info: scheme, probably the most important "
"variation.  It is expected that GNOME and KDE will converge to common URI "
"formats, and a future version of this man page will describe the converged "
"result.  Efforts to aid this convergence are encouraged."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:623
#, no-wrap
msgid "Security"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:633
msgid ""
"A URI does not in itself pose a security threat.  There is no general "
"guarantee that a URL, which at one time located a given resource, will "
"continue to do so.  Nor is there any guarantee that a URL will not locate a "
"different resource at some later point in time; such a guarantee can only be "
"obtained from the person(s) controlling that namespace and the resource in "
"question."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:648
msgid ""
"It is sometimes possible to construct a URL such that an attempt to perform "
"a seemingly harmless operation, such as the retrieval of an entity "
"associated with the resource, will in fact cause a possibly damaging remote "
"operation to occur.  The unsafe URL is typically constructed by specifying a "
"port number other than that reserved for the network protocol in question.  "
"The client unwittingly contacts a site that is in fact running a different "
"protocol.  The content of the URL contains instructions that, when "
"interpreted according to this other protocol, cause an unexpected "
"operation.  An example has been the use of a gopher URL to cause an "
"unintended or impersonating message to be sent via a SMTP server."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:652
msgid ""
"Caution should be used when using any URL that specifies a port number other "
"than the default for the protocol, especially when it is a number within the "
"reserved space."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:660
msgid ""
"Care should be taken when a URI contains escaped delimiters for a given "
"protocol (for example, CR and LF characters for telnet protocols) that these "
"are not unescaped before transmission.  This might violate the protocol, but "
"avoids the potential for such characters to be used to simulate an extra "
"operation or parameter in that protocol, which might lead to an unexpected "
"and possibly harmful remote operation to be performed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:666
msgid ""
"It is clearly unwise to use a URI that contains a password which is intended "
"to be secret.  In particular, the use of a password within the \"userinfo\" "
"component of a URI is strongly recommended against except in those rare "
"cases where the \"password\" parameter is intended to be public."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:688
msgid ""
"Documentation may be placed in a variety of locations, so there currently "
"isn't a good URI scheme for general online documentation in arbitrary "
"formats.  References of the form E<lt>file:///usr/doc/ZZZE<gt> don't work "
"because different distributions and local installation requirements may "
"place the files in different directories (it may be in /usr/doc, or "
"/usr/local/doc, or /usr/share, or somewhere else).  Also, the directory ZZZ "
"usually changes when a version changes (though filename globbing could "
"partially overcome this).  Finally, using the file: scheme doesn't easily "
"support people who dynamically load documentation from the Internet (instead "
"of loading the files onto a local file system).  A future URI scheme may be "
"added (e.g., \"userdoc:\") to permit programs to include cross-references to "
"more detailed documentation without having to know the exact location of "
"that documentation.  Alternatively, a future version of the file-system "
"specification may specify file locations sufficiently so that the file: "
"scheme will be able to locate documentation."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:691
msgid ""
"Many programs and file formats don't include a way to incorporate or "
"implement links using URIs."
msgstr ""

#.  .SH AUTHOR
#.  David A. Wheeler (dwheeler@dwheeler.com) wrote this man page.
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:699
msgid ""
"Many programs can't handle all of these different URI formats; there should "
"be a standard mechanism to load an arbitrary URI that automatically detects "
"the users' environment (e.g., text or graphics, desktop environment, local "
"user preferences, and currently executing tools) and invokes the right tool "
"for any URI."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:704
msgid "B<lynx>(1), B<man2html>(1), B<mailaddr>(7), B<utf-8>(7),"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/uri.7:706
msgid "IETF RFC\\ 2255"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/vcs.4:28
#, no-wrap
msgid "VCS"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/vcs.4:28
#, no-wrap
msgid "2007-12-17"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/vcs.4:31
msgid "vcs, vcsa - virtual console memory"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/vcs.4:36
msgid ""
"I</dev/vcs0> is a character device with major number 7 and minor number 0, "
"usually of mode 0644 and owner root.tty.  It refers to the memory of the "
"currently displayed virtual console terminal."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/vcs.4:47
msgid ""
"I</dev/vcs[1-63]> are character devices for virtual console terminals, they "
"have major number 7 and minor number 1 to 63, usually mode 0644 and owner "
"root.tty.  I</dev/vcsa[0-63]> are the same, but using I<unsigned short>s (in "
"host byte order) that include attributes, and prefixed with four bytes "
"giving the screen dimensions and cursor position: I<lines>, I<columns>, "
"I<x>, I<y>.  (I<x> = I<y> = 0 at the top left corner of the screen.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/vcs.4:59
msgid ""
"When a 512-character font is loaded, the 9th bit position can be fetched by "
"applying the B<ioctl>(2)  B<VT_GETHIFONTMASK> operation (available in Linux "
"kernels 2.6.18 and above)  on I</dev/tty[1-63]>; the value is returned in "
"the I<unsigned short> pointed to by the third B<ioctl>(2)  argument."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/vcs.4:66
msgid ""
"These devices replace the screendump B<ioctl>(2)  operations of "
"B<console>(4), so the system administrator can control access using file "
"system permissions."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/vcs.4:68
msgid "The devices for the first eight virtual consoles may be created by:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/vcs.4:75
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    for x in 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8; do\n"
"        mknod -m 644 /dev/vcs$x c 7 $x;\n"
"        mknod -m 644 /dev/vcsa$x c 7 $[$x+128];\n"
"    done\n"
"    chown root:tty /dev/vcs*\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/vcs.4:80
msgid "No B<ioctl>(2)  requests are supported."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/vcs.4:82
msgid "/dev/vcs[0-63]"
msgstr ""

#.  .SH AUTHOR
#.  Andries Brouwer <aeb@cwi.nl>
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/vcs.4:86
msgid "/dev/vcsa[0-63]"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/vcs.4:88
msgid "Introduced with version 1.1.92 of the Linux kernel."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/vcs.4:95
msgid ""
"You may do a screendump on vt3 by switching to vt1 and typing I<cat "
"/dev/vcs3 E<gt>foo>.  Note that the output does not contain newline "
"characters, so some processing may be required, like in I<fold -w 81 "
"/dev/vcs3 | lpr> or (horrors)  I<setterm -dump 3 -file /proc/self/fd/1>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/vcs.4:97
msgid "The I</dev/vcsa0> device is used for Braille support."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/vcs.4:101
msgid ""
"This program displays the character and screen attributes under the cursor "
"of the second virtual console, then changes the background color there:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/vcs.4:109
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
"#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
"#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
"#include E<lt>fcntl.hE<gt>\n"
"#include E<lt>sys/ioctl.hE<gt>\n"
"#include E<lt>linux/vt.hE<gt>\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/vcs.4:120
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"int\n"
"main(void)\n"
"{\n"
"    int fd;\n"
"    char *device = \"/dev/vcsa2\";\n"
"    char *console = \"/dev/tty2\";\n"
"    struct {unsigned char lines, cols, x, y;} scrn;\n"
"    unsigned short s;\n"
"    unsigned short mask;\n"
"    unsigned char ch, attrib;\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/vcs.4:149
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    fd = open(console, O_RDWR);\n"
"    if (fd E<lt> 0) {\n"
"        perror(console);\n"
"        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
"    }\n"
"    if (ioctl(fd, VT_GETHIFONTMASK, &mask) E<lt> 0) {\n"
"        perror(\"VT_GETHIFONTMASK\");\n"
"        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
"    }\n"
"    (void) close(fd);\n"
"    fd = open(device, O_RDWR);\n"
"    if (fd E<lt> 0) {\n"
"        perror(device);\n"
"        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
"    }\n"
"    (void) read(fd, &scrn, 4);\n"
"    (void) lseek(fd, 4 + 2*(scrn.y*scrn.cols + scrn.x), 0);\n"
"    (void) read(fd, &s, 2);\n"
"    ch = s & 0xff;\n"
"    if (attrib & mask)\n"
"        ch |= 0x100;\n"
"    attrib = ((s & ~mask) E<gt>E<gt> 8);\n"
"    printf(\"ch=\\(aq%c\\(aq attrib=0x%02x\\en\", ch, attrib);\n"
"    attrib ^= 0x10;\n"
"    (void) lseek(fd, -1, 1);\n"
"    (void) write(fd, &attrib, 1);\n"
"    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
"}\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/vcs.4:155
msgid "B<console>(4), B<tty>(4), B<ttyS>(4), B<gpm>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:11
#, no-wrap
msgid "WAVELAN"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:11
#, no-wrap
msgid "1996-10-22"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:14
msgid "wavelan - AT&T GIS WaveLAN ISA device driver"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:16
msgid ""
"B<insmod wavelan_cs.o [io=>I<B,B..>B<] [ irq=>I<I,I..>B<] "
"[name=>I<N,N..>B<]>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:32
msgid ""
"I<wavelan> is the low-level device driver for the NCR / AT&T / Lucent "
"B<WaveLAN ISA> and Digital (DEC)  B<RoamAbout DS> wireless ethernet "
"adapter.  This driver is available as a module or might be compiled in the "
"kernel.  This driver supports multiple cards in both forms (up to 4) and "
"allocates the next available ethernet device (eth0..eth#) for each card "
"found, unless a device name is explicitly specified (see below).  This "
"device name will be reported in the kernel log file with the MAC address, "
"NWID and frequency used by the card."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:39
msgid ""
"This section apply to the module form (parameters passed on the B<insmod>(8)  "
"command line).  If the driver is included in the kernel, use the "
"I<ether=IRQ,IO,NAME> syntax on the kernel command line."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:39
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<io>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:46
msgid ""
"Specify the list of base address where to search for wavelan cards (setting "
"by dip switch on the card).  If you don't specify any io address, the driver "
"will scan 0x390 and 0x3E0 addresses, which might conflict with other "
"hardware..."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:46
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<irq>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:50
msgid ""
"Set the list of irq that each wavelan card should use (the value is saved in "
"permanent storage for future use)."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:50
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<name>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:55
msgid ""
"Set the list of name to be used for each wavelan cards device (name used by "
"B<ifconfig>(8))."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:55
#, no-wrap
msgid "Wireless Extensions"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:59
msgid "Use B<iwconfig>(8)  to manipulate wireless extensions."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:59
#, no-wrap
msgid "NWID (or domain)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:68
msgid ""
"Set the network ID [I<0> to I<FFFF>] or disable it [I<off>].  As the NWID is "
"stored in the card Permanent Storage Area, it will be reuse at any further "
"invocation of the driver."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:68
#, no-wrap
msgid "Frequency & channels"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:79
msgid ""
"For the 2.4GHz 2.00 Hardware, you are able to set the frequency by "
"specifying one of the 10 defined channels (I<2.412,> I<2.422, 2.425, 2.4305, "
"2.432, 2.442, 2.452, 2.460, 2.462> or I<2.484>)  or directly by its value.  "
"The frequency is changed immediately and permanently.  Frequency "
"availability depends on the regulations..."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:79
#, no-wrap
msgid "Statistics spy"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:83
msgid ""
"Set a list of MAC addresses in the driver (up to 8) and get the last quality "
"of link for each of those (see B<iwspy>(8))."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:83
#, no-wrap
msgid "/proc/net/wireless"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:98
msgid ""
"I<status> is the status reported by the modem.  I<Link quality> reports the "
"quality of the modulation on the air (direct sequence spread spectrum) [max "
"= 16].  I<Level> and I<Noise> refer to the signal level and noise level [max "
"= 64].  The I<crypt discarded packet> and I<misc discarded packet> counters "
"are not implemented."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:98
#, no-wrap
msgid "Private Ioctl"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:102
msgid "You may use B<iwpriv>(8)  to manipulate private ioctls."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:102
#, no-wrap
msgid "Quality and Level threshold"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:105
msgid ""
"Enable you the define the quality and level threshold used by the modem "
"(packet below that level are discarded)."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:105
#, no-wrap
msgid "Histogram"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:112
msgid ""
"This functionality makes it possible to set a number of signal level "
"intervals and to count the number of packets received in each of those "
"defined intervals.  This distribution might be used to calculate the mean "
"value and standard deviation of the signal level."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:112
#, no-wrap
msgid "Specific Notes"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:118
msgid ""
"This driver will fail to detect some B<non-NCR/ATT&T/Lucent> Wavelan cards.  "
"If this happens for you, you must look in the source code on how to add your "
"card to the detection routine."
msgstr ""

#.  .SH AUTHOR
#.  Bruce Janson \(em bruce@cs.usyd.edu.au
#.  .br
#.  Jean Tourrilhes \(em jt@hplb.hpl.hp.com
#.  .br
#.  (and others; see source code for details)
#
#.  SEE ALSO part
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:131
msgid ""
"Some of the mentioned features are optional.  You may enable to disable them "
"by changing flags in the driver header and recompile."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:138
msgid ""
"B<wavelan_cs>(4), B<ifconfig>(8), B<insmod>(8), B<iwconfig>(8), "
"B<iwpriv>(8), B<iwspy>(8)"
msgstr ""
