// stb_connected_components - v0.95 - public domain connected components on grids
//                                                 http://github.com/nothings/stb
//
// Finds connected components on 2D grids for testing reachability between
// two points, with fast updates when changing reachability (e.g. on one machine
// it was typically 0.2ms w/ 1024x1024 grid). Each grid square must be "open" or
// "closed" (traversable or untraversable), and grid squares are only connected
// to their orthogonal neighbors, not diagonally. 
//
// In one source file, create the implementation by doing something like this:
//
//   #define STBCC_GRID_COUNT_X_LOG2    10
//   #define STBCC_GRID_COUNT_Y_LOG2    10
//   #define STB_CONNECTED_COMPONENTS_IMPLEMENTATION
//   #include "stb_connected_components.h"
//
// The above creates an implementation that can run on maps up to 1024x1024.
// Map sizes must be a multiple of (1<<(LOG2/2)) on each axis (e.g. 32 if LOG2=10,
// 16 if LOG2=8, etc.) (You can just pad your map with untraversable space.)
// 
// MEMORY USAGE
//
//   Uses about 6-7 bytes per grid square (e.g. 7MB for a 1024x1024 grid).
//   Uses a single worst-case allocation which you pass in.
//
// PERFORMANCE
//
//   On a core i7-2700K at 3.5 Ghz, for a particular 1024x1024 map (map_03.png):
//
//       Creating map                   : 44.85 ms
//       Making one square   traversable:  0.27 ms    (average over 29,448 calls)
//       Making one square untraversable:  0.23 ms    (average over 30,123 calls)
//       Reachability query:               0.00001 ms (average over 4,000,000 calls)
//
//   On non-degenerate maps update time is O(N^0.5), but on degenerate maps like
//   checkerboards or 50% random, update time is O(N^0.75) (~2ms on above machine).
//
// CHANGELOG
//
//    0.95  (2016-10-16)  Bugfix if multiple clumps in one cluster connect to same clump in another
//    0.94  (2016-04-17)  Bugfix & optimize worst case (checkerboard & random)
//    0.93  (2016-04-16)  Reduce memory by 10x for 1Kx1K map; small speedup
//    0.92  (2016-04-16)  Compute sqrt(N) cluster size by default
//    0.91  (2016-04-15)  Initial release
//
// TODO:
//    - better API documentation
//    - more comments
//    - try re-integrating naive algorithm & compare performance
//    - more optimized batching (current approach still recomputes local clumps many times)
//    - function for setting a grid of squares at once (just use batching)
//
// LICENSE
// 
//   See end of file for license information.
//
// ALGORITHM
//
//   The NxN grid map is split into sqrt(N) x sqrt(N) blocks called
//  "clusters". Each cluster independently computes a set of connected
//   components within that cluster (ignoring all connectivity out of
//   that cluster) using a union-find disjoint set forest. This produces a bunch
//   of locally connected components called "clumps". Each clump is (a) connected
//   within its cluster, (b) does not directly connect to any other clumps in the
//   cluster (though it may connect to them by paths that lead outside the cluster,
//   but those are ignored at this step), and (c) maintains an adjacency list of
//   all clumps in adjacent clusters that it _is_ connected to. Then a second
//   union-find disjoint set forest is used to compute connected clumps
//   globally, across the whole map. Reachability is then computed by
//   finding which clump each input point belongs to, and checking whether
//   those clumps are in the same "global" connected component.
//
//   The above data structure can be updated efficiently; on a change
//   of a single grid square on the map, only one cluster changes its
//   purely-local state, so only one cluster needs its clumps fully
//   recomputed. Clumps in adjacent clusters need their adjacency lists
//   updated: first to remove all references to the old clumps in the
//   rebuilt cluster, then to add new references to the new clumps. Both
//   of these operations can use the existing "find which clump each input
//   point belongs to" query to compute that adjacency information rapidly.

#ifndef INCLUDE_STB_CONNECTED_COMPONENTS_H
#define INCLUDE_STB_CONNECTED_COMPONENTS_H

#include <stdlib.h>

typedef struct st_stbcc_grid stbcc_grid;

#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
//  initialization
//

// you allocate the grid data structure to this size (note that it will be very big!!!)
extern size_t stbcc_grid_sizeof(void);

// initialize the grid, value of map[] is 0 = traversable, non-0 is solid
extern void stbcc_init_grid(stbcc_grid *g, unsigned char *map, int w, int h);


//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
//  main functionality
//

// update a grid square state, 0 = traversable, non-0 is solid
// i can add a batch-update if it's needed
extern void stbcc_update_grid(stbcc_grid *g, int x, int y, int solid);

// query if two grid squares are reachable from each other
extern int stbcc_query_grid_node_connection(stbcc_grid *g, int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2);


//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
//  bonus functions
//

// wrap multiple stbcc_update_grid calls in these function to compute
// multiple updates more efficiently; cannot make queries inside batch
extern void stbcc_update_batch_begin(stbcc_grid *g);
extern void stbcc_update_batch_end(stbcc_grid *g);

// query the grid data structure for whether a given square is open or not
extern int stbcc_query_grid_open(stbcc_grid *g, int x, int y);

// get a unique id for the connected component this is in; it's not necessarily
// small, you'll need a hash table or something to remap it (or just use
extern unsigned int stbcc_get_unique_id(stbcc_grid *g, int x, int y);
#define STBCC_NULL_UNIQUE_ID 0xffffffff // returned for closed map squares

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif

#endif // INCLUDE_STB_CONNECTED_COMPONENTS_H

#ifdef STB_CONNECTED_COMPONENTS_IMPLEMENTATION

#include <assert.h>
#include <string.h> // memset

#if !defined(STBCC_GRID_COUNT_X_LOG2) || !defined(STBCC_GRID_COUNT_Y_LOG2)
   #error "You must define STBCC_GRID_COUNT_X_LOG2 and STBCC_GRID_COUNT_Y_LOG2 to define the max grid supported."
#endif

#define STBCC__GRID_COUNT_X (1 << STBCC_GRID_COUNT_X_LOG2)
#define STBCC__GRID_COUNT_Y (1 << STBCC_GRID_COUNT_Y_LOG2)

#define STBCC__MAP_STRIDE   (1 << (STBCC_GRID_COUNT_X_LOG2-3))

#ifndef STBCC_CLUSTER_SIZE_X_LOG2
   #define STBCC_CLUSTER_SIZE_X_LOG2   (STBCC_GRID_COUNT_X_LOG2/2) // log2(sqrt(2^N)) = 1/2 * log2(2^N)) = 1/2 * N
   #if STBCC_CLUSTER_SIZE_X_LOG2 > 6
   #undef STBCC_CLUSTER_SIZE_X_LOG2
   #define STBCC_CLUSTER_SIZE_X_LOG2 6
   #endif
#endif

#ifndef STBCC_CLUSTER_SIZE_Y_LOG2
   #define STBCC_CLUSTER_SIZE_Y_LOG2   (STBCC_GRID_COUNT_Y_LOG2/2)
   #if STBCC_CLUSTER_SIZE_Y_LOG2 > 6
   #undef STBCC_CLUSTER_SIZE_Y_LOG2
   #define STBCC_CLUSTER_SIZE_Y_LOG2 6
   #endif
#endif

#define STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_X   (1 << STBCC_CLUSTER_SIZE_X_LOG2)
#define STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_Y   (1 << STBCC_CLUSTER_SIZE_Y_LOG2)

#define STBCC__CLUSTER_COUNT_X_LOG2   (STBCC_GRID_COUNT_X_LOG2 - STBCC_CLUSTER_SIZE_X_LOG2)
#define STBCC__CLUSTER_COUNT_Y_LOG2   (STBCC_GRID_COUNT_Y_LOG2 - STBCC_CLUSTER_SIZE_Y_LOG2)

#define STBCC__CLUSTER_COUNT_X  (1 << STBCC__CLUSTER_COUNT_X_LOG2)
#define STBCC__CLUSTER_COUNT_Y  (1 << STBCC__CLUSTER_COUNT_Y_LOG2)

#if STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_X >= STBCC__GRID_COUNT_X || STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_Y >= STBCC__GRID_COUNT_Y
   #error "STBCC_CLUSTER_SIZE_X/Y_LOG2 must be smaller than STBCC_GRID_COUNT_X/Y_LOG2"
#endif

// worst case # of clumps per cluster
#define STBCC__MAX_CLUMPS_PER_CLUSTER_LOG2   (STBCC_CLUSTER_SIZE_X_LOG2 + STBCC_CLUSTER_SIZE_Y_LOG2-1)
#define STBCC__MAX_CLUMPS_PER_CLUSTER        (1 << STBCC__MAX_CLUMPS_PER_CLUSTER_LOG2)
#define STBCC__MAX_CLUMPS                    (STBCC__MAX_CLUMPS_PER_CLUSTER * STBCC__CLUSTER_COUNT_X * STBCC__CLUSTER_COUNT_Y)
#define STBCC__NULL_CLUMPID                  STBCC__MAX_CLUMPS_PER_CLUSTER

#define STBCC__CLUSTER_X_FOR_COORD_X(x)  ((x) >> STBCC_CLUSTER_SIZE_X_LOG2)
#define STBCC__CLUSTER_Y_FOR_COORD_Y(y)  ((y) >> STBCC_CLUSTER_SIZE_Y_LOG2)

#define STBCC__MAP_BYTE_MASK(x,y)       (1 << ((x) & 7))
#define STBCC__MAP_BYTE(g,x,y)          ((g)->map[y][(x) >> 3])
#define STBCC__MAP_OPEN(g,x,y)          (STBCC__MAP_BYTE(g,x,y) & STBCC__MAP_BYTE_MASK(x,y))

typedef unsigned short stbcc__clumpid;
typedef unsigned char stbcc__verify_max_clumps[STBCC__MAX_CLUMPS_PER_CLUSTER < (1 << (8*sizeof(stbcc__clumpid))) ? 1 : -1];

#define STBCC__MAX_EXITS_PER_CLUSTER   (STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_X + STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_Y)   // 64 for 32x32
#define STBCC__MAX_EXITS_PER_CLUMP     (STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_X + STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_Y)   // 64 for 32x32
#define STBCC__MAX_EDGE_CLUMPS_PER_CLUSTER  (STBCC__MAX_EXITS_PER_CLUMP)

// 2^19 * 2^6 => 2^25 exits => 2^26  => 64MB for 1024x1024

// Logic for above on 4x4 grid:
//
// Many clumps:      One clump:
//   + +               +  +
//  +X.X.             +XX.X+
//   .X.X+             .XXX
//  +X.X.              XXX.
//   .X.X+            +X.XX+
//    + +              +  +
//
// 8 exits either way

typedef unsigned char stbcc__verify_max_exits[STBCC__MAX_EXITS_PER_CLUMP <= 256];

typedef struct
{
   unsigned short clump_index:12;
     signed short cluster_dx:2;
     signed short cluster_dy:2;
} stbcc__relative_clumpid;

typedef union
{
   struct {
      unsigned int clump_index:12;
      unsigned int cluster_x:10;
      unsigned int cluster_y:10;
   } f;
   unsigned int c;
} stbcc__global_clumpid;

// rebuilt cluster 3,4

// what changes in cluster 2,4

typedef struct
{
   stbcc__global_clumpid global_label;        // 4
   unsigned char num_adjacent;                // 1
   unsigned char max_adjacent;                // 1
   unsigned char adjacent_clump_list_index;   // 1
   unsigned char reserved;
} stbcc__clump; // 8

#define STBCC__CLUSTER_ADJACENCY_COUNT   (STBCC__MAX_EXITS_PER_CLUSTER*2)
typedef struct
{
   short num_clumps;
   unsigned char num_edge_clumps;
   unsigned char rebuild_adjacency;
   stbcc__clump clump[STBCC__MAX_CLUMPS_PER_CLUSTER];       // 8 * 2^9 = 4KB
   stbcc__relative_clumpid adjacency_storage[STBCC__CLUSTER_ADJACENCY_COUNT]; // 256 bytes
} stbcc__cluster;

struct st_stbcc_grid
{
   int w,h,cw,ch;
   int in_batched_update;
   //unsigned char cluster_dirty[STBCC__CLUSTER_COUNT_Y][STBCC__CLUSTER_COUNT_X]; // could bitpack, but: 1K x 1K => 1KB
   unsigned char map[STBCC__GRID_COUNT_Y][STBCC__MAP_STRIDE]; // 1K x 1K => 1K x 128 => 128KB
   stbcc__clumpid clump_for_node[STBCC__GRID_COUNT_Y][STBCC__GRID_COUNT_X];  // 1K x 1K x 2 = 2MB
   stbcc__cluster cluster[STBCC__CLUSTER_COUNT_Y][STBCC__CLUSTER_COUNT_X]; //  1K x 4.5KB = 4.5MB
};

int stbcc_query_grid_node_connection(stbcc_grid *g, int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2)
{
   stbcc__global_clumpid label1, label2;
   stbcc__clumpid c1 = g->clump_for_node[y1][x1];
   stbcc__clumpid c2 = g->clump_for_node[y2][x2];
   int cx1 = STBCC__CLUSTER_X_FOR_COORD_X(x1);
   int cy1 = STBCC__CLUSTER_Y_FOR_COORD_Y(y1);
   int cx2 = STBCC__CLUSTER_X_FOR_COORD_X(x2);
   int cy2 = STBCC__CLUSTER_Y_FOR_COORD_Y(y2);
   assert(!g->in_batched_update);
   if (c1 == STBCC__NULL_CLUMPID || c2 == STBCC__NULL_CLUMPID)
      return 0;
   label1 = g->cluster[cy1][cx1].clump[c1].global_label;
   label2 = g->cluster[cy2][cx2].clump[c2].global_label;
   if (label1.c == label2.c)
      return 1;
   return 0;
}

int stbcc_query_grid_open(stbcc_grid *g, int x, int y)
{
   return STBCC__MAP_OPEN(g, x, y) != 0;
}

unsigned int stbcc_get_unique_id(stbcc_grid *g, int x, int y)
{
   stbcc__clumpid c = g->clump_for_node[y][x];
   int cx = STBCC__CLUSTER_X_FOR_COORD_X(x);
   int cy = STBCC__CLUSTER_Y_FOR_COORD_Y(y);
   assert(!g->in_batched_update);
   if (c == STBCC__NULL_CLUMPID) return STBCC_NULL_UNIQUE_ID;
   return g->cluster[cy][cx].clump[c].global_label.c;
}

typedef struct
{
   unsigned char x,y;
} stbcc__tinypoint;

typedef struct
{
   stbcc__tinypoint parent[STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_Y][STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_X]; // 32x32 => 2KB
   stbcc__clumpid   label[STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_Y][STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_X];
} stbcc__cluster_build_info;

static void stbcc__build_clumps_for_cluster(stbcc_grid *g, int cx, int cy);
static void stbcc__remove_connections_to_adjacent_cluster(stbcc_grid *g, int cx, int cy, int dx, int dy);
static void stbcc__add_connections_to_adjacent_cluster(stbcc_grid *g, int cx, int cy, int dx, int dy);

static stbcc__global_clumpid stbcc__clump_find(stbcc_grid *g, stbcc__global_clumpid n)
{
   stbcc__global_clumpid q;
   stbcc__clump *c = &g->cluster[n.f.cluster_y][n.f.cluster_x].clump[n.f.clump_index];

   if (c->global_label.c == n.c)
      return n;

   q = stbcc__clump_find(g, c->global_label);
   c->global_label = q;
   return q;
}

typedef struct
{
   unsigned int cluster_x;
   unsigned int cluster_y;
   unsigned int clump_index;
} stbcc__unpacked_clumpid;

static void stbcc__clump_union(stbcc_grid *g, stbcc__unpacked_clumpid m, int x, int y, int idx)
{
   stbcc__clump *mc = &g->cluster[m.cluster_y][m.cluster_x].clump[m.clump_index];
   stbcc__clump *nc = &g->cluster[y][x].clump[idx];
   stbcc__global_clumpid mp = stbcc__clump_find(g, mc->global_label);
   stbcc__global_clumpid np = stbcc__clump_find(g, nc->global_label);

   if (mp.c == np.c)
      return;

   g->cluster[mp.f.cluster_y][mp.f.cluster_x].clump[mp.f.clump_index].global_label = np;
}

static void stbcc__build_connected_components_for_clumps(stbcc_grid *g)
{
   int i,j,k,h;

   for (j=0; j < STBCC__CLUSTER_COUNT_Y; ++j) {
      for (i=0; i < STBCC__CLUSTER_COUNT_X; ++i) {
         stbcc__cluster *cluster = &g->cluster[j][i];
         for (k=0; k < (int) cluster->num_edge_clumps; ++k) {
            stbcc__global_clumpid m;
            m.f.clump_index = k;
            m.f.cluster_x = i;
            m.f.cluster_y = j;
            assert((int) m.f.clump_index == k && (int) m.f.cluster_x == i && (int) m.f.cluster_y == j);
            cluster->clump[k].global_label = m;
         }
      }
   }

   for (j=0; j < STBCC__CLUSTER_COUNT_Y; ++j) {
      for (i=0; i < STBCC__CLUSTER_COUNT_X; ++i) {
         stbcc__cluster *cluster = &g->cluster[j][i];
         for (k=0; k < (int) cluster->num_edge_clumps; ++k) {
            stbcc__clump *clump = &cluster->clump[k];
            stbcc__unpacked_clumpid m;
            stbcc__relative_clumpid *adj;
            m.clump_index = k;
            m.cluster_x = i;
            m.cluster_y = j;
            adj = &cluster->adjacency_storage[clump->adjacent_clump_list_index];
            for (h=0; h < clump->num_adjacent; ++h) {
               unsigned int clump_index = adj[h].clump_index;
               unsigned int x = adj[h].cluster_dx + i;
               unsigned int y = adj[h].cluster_dy + j;
               stbcc__clump_union(g, m, x, y, clump_index);
            }
         }
      }
   }

   for (j=0; j < STBCC__CLUSTER_COUNT_Y; ++j) {
      for (i=0; i < STBCC__CLUSTER_COUNT_X; ++i) {
         stbcc__cluster *cluster = &g->cluster[j][i];
         for (k=0; k < (int) cluster->num_edge_clumps; ++k) {
            stbcc__global_clumpid m;
            m.f.clump_index = k;
            m.f.cluster_x = i;
            m.f.cluster_y = j;
            stbcc__clump_find(g, m);
         }
      }
   }
}

static void stbcc__build_all_connections_for_cluster(stbcc_grid *g, int cx, int cy)
{
   // in this particular case, we are fully non-incremental. that means we
   // can discover the correct sizes for the arrays, but requires we build
   // the data into temporary data structures, or just count the sizes, so
   // for simplicity we do the latter
   stbcc__cluster *cluster = &g->cluster[cy][cx];
   unsigned char connected[STBCC__MAX_EDGE_CLUMPS_PER_CLUSTER][STBCC__MAX_EDGE_CLUMPS_PER_CLUSTER/8]; // 64 x 8 => 1KB
   unsigned char num_adj[STBCC__MAX_CLUMPS_PER_CLUSTER] = { 0 };
   int x = cx * STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_X;
   int y = cy * STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_Y;
   int step_x, step_y=0, i, j, k, n, m, dx, dy, total;
   int extra;

   g->cluster[cy][cx].rebuild_adjacency = 0;

   total = 0;
   for (m=0; m < 4; ++m) {
      switch (m) {
         case 0:
            dx = 1, dy = 0;
            step_x = 0, step_y = 1;
            i = STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_X-1;
            j = 0;
            n = STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_Y;
            break;
         case 1:
            dx = -1, dy = 0;
            i = 0;
            j = 0;
            step_x = 0;
            step_y = 1;  
            n = STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_Y;
            break;
         case 2:
            dy = -1, dx = 0;
            i = 0;
            j = 0;
            step_x = 1;
            step_y = 0;
            n = STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_X;
            break;
         case 3:
            dy = 1, dx = 0;
            i = 0;
            j = STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_Y-1;
            step_x = 1;
            step_y = 0;
            n = STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_X;
            break;
      }

      if (cx+dx < 0 || cx+dx >= g->cw || cy+dy < 0 || cy+dy >= g->ch)
         continue;

      memset(connected, 0, sizeof(connected));
      for (k=0; k < n; ++k) {
         if (STBCC__MAP_OPEN(g, x+i, y+j) && STBCC__MAP_OPEN(g, x+i+dx, y+j+dy)) {
            stbcc__clumpid src = g->clump_for_node[y+j][x+i];
            stbcc__clumpid dest = g->clump_for_node[y+j+dy][x+i+dx];
            if (0 == (connected[src][dest>>3] & (1 << (dest & 7)))) {
               connected[src][dest>>3] |= 1 << (dest & 7);
               ++num_adj[src];
               ++total;
            }
         }
         i += step_x;
         j += step_y;
      }
   }

   assert(total <= STBCC__CLUSTER_ADJACENCY_COUNT);

   // decide how to apportion unused adjacency slots; only clumps that lie
   // on the edges of the cluster need adjacency slots, so divide them up
   // evenly between those clumps

   // we want:
   //    extra = (STBCC__CLUSTER_ADJACENCY_COUNT - total) / cluster->num_edge_clumps;
   // but we efficiently approximate this without a divide, because
   // ignoring edge-vs-non-edge with 'num_adj[i]*2' was faster than
   // 'num_adj[i]+extra' with the divide
   if      (total + (cluster->num_edge_clumps<<2) <= STBCC__CLUSTER_ADJACENCY_COUNT)
      extra = 4;
   else if (total + (cluster->num_edge_clumps<<1) <= STBCC__CLUSTER_ADJACENCY_COUNT)
      extra = 2;
   else if (total + (cluster->num_edge_clumps<<0) <= STBCC__CLUSTER_ADJACENCY_COUNT)
      extra = 1;
   else
      extra = 0;

   total = 0;
   for (i=0; i < (int) cluster->num_edge_clumps; ++i) {
      int alloc = num_adj[i]+extra;
      if (alloc > STBCC__MAX_EXITS_PER_CLUSTER)
         alloc = STBCC__MAX_EXITS_PER_CLUSTER;
      assert(total < 256); // must fit in byte
      cluster->clump[i].adjacent_clump_list_index = (unsigned char) total;
      cluster->clump[i].max_adjacent = alloc;
      cluster->clump[i].num_adjacent = 0;
      total += alloc;
   }
   assert(total <= STBCC__CLUSTER_ADJACENCY_COUNT);

   stbcc__add_connections_to_adjacent_cluster(g, cx, cy, -1, 0);
   stbcc__add_connections_to_adjacent_cluster(g, cx, cy,  1, 0);
   stbcc__add_connections_to_adjacent_cluster(g, cx, cy,  0,-1);
   stbcc__add_connections_to_adjacent_cluster(g, cx, cy,  0, 1);
   // make sure all of the above succeeded.
   assert(g->cluster[cy][cx].rebuild_adjacency == 0);
}

static void stbcc__add_connections_to_adjacent_cluster_with_rebuild(stbcc_grid *g, int cx, int cy, int dx, int dy)
{
   if (cx >= 0 && cx < g->cw && cy >= 0 && cy < g->ch) {
      stbcc__add_connections_to_adjacent_cluster(g, cx, cy, dx, dy);
      if (g->cluster[cy][cx].rebuild_adjacency)
         stbcc__build_all_connections_for_cluster(g, cx, cy);
   }
}

void stbcc_update_grid(stbcc_grid *g, int x, int y, int solid)
{
   int cx,cy;

   if (!solid) {
      if (STBCC__MAP_OPEN(g,x,y))
         return;
   } else {
      if (!STBCC__MAP_OPEN(g,x,y))
         return;
   }

   cx = STBCC__CLUSTER_X_FOR_COORD_X(x);
   cy = STBCC__CLUSTER_Y_FOR_COORD_Y(y);

   stbcc__remove_connections_to_adjacent_cluster(g, cx-1, cy,  1, 0);
   stbcc__remove_connections_to_adjacent_cluster(g, cx+1, cy, -1, 0);
   stbcc__remove_connections_to_adjacent_cluster(g, cx, cy-1,  0, 1);
   stbcc__remove_connections_to_adjacent_cluster(g, cx, cy+1,  0,-1);

   if (!solid)
      STBCC__MAP_BYTE(g,x,y) |= STBCC__MAP_BYTE_MASK(x,y);
   else
      STBCC__MAP_BYTE(g,x,y) &= ~STBCC__MAP_BYTE_MASK(x,y);

   stbcc__build_clumps_for_cluster(g, cx, cy);
   stbcc__build_all_connections_for_cluster(g, cx, cy);

   stbcc__add_connections_to_adjacent_cluster_with_rebuild(g, cx-1, cy,  1, 0);
   stbcc__add_connections_to_adjacent_cluster_with_rebuild(g, cx+1, cy, -1, 0);
   stbcc__add_connections_to_adjacent_cluster_with_rebuild(g, cx, cy-1,  0, 1);
   stbcc__add_connections_to_adjacent_cluster_with_rebuild(g, cx, cy+1,  0,-1);

   if (!g->in_batched_update)
      stbcc__build_connected_components_for_clumps(g);
   #if 0
   else
      g->cluster_dirty[cy][cx] = 1;
   #endif
}

void stbcc_update_batch_begin(stbcc_grid *g)
{
   assert(!g->in_batched_update);
   g->in_batched_update = 1;
}

void stbcc_update_batch_end(stbcc_grid *g)
{
   assert(g->in_batched_update);
   g->in_batched_update =  0;
   stbcc__build_connected_components_for_clumps(g); // @OPTIMIZE: only do this if update was non-empty
}

size_t stbcc_grid_sizeof(void)
{
   return sizeof(stbcc_grid);
}

void stbcc_init_grid(stbcc_grid *g, unsigned char *map, int w, int h)
{
   int i,j,k;
   assert(w % STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_X == 0);
   assert(h % STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_Y == 0);
   assert(w % 8 == 0);

   g->w = w;
   g->h = h;
   g->cw = w >> STBCC_CLUSTER_SIZE_X_LOG2;
   g->ch = h >> STBCC_CLUSTER_SIZE_Y_LOG2;
   g->in_batched_update = 0;

   #if 0
   for (j=0; j < STBCC__CLUSTER_COUNT_Y; ++j)
      for (i=0; i < STBCC__CLUSTER_COUNT_X; ++i) 
         g->cluster_dirty[j][i] = 0;
   #endif

   for (j=0; j < h; ++j) {
      for (i=0; i < w; i += 8) {
         unsigned char c = 0;
         for (k=0; k < 8; ++k)
            if (map[j*w + (i+k)] == 0)
               c |= (1 << k);
         g->map[j][i>>3] = c;
      }
   }

   for (j=0; j < g->ch; ++j)
      for (i=0; i < g->cw; ++i)
         stbcc__build_clumps_for_cluster(g, i, j);

   for (j=0; j < g->ch; ++j)
      for (i=0; i < g->cw; ++i)
         stbcc__build_all_connections_for_cluster(g, i, j);

   stbcc__build_connected_components_for_clumps(g);

   for (j=0; j < g->h; ++j)
      for (i=0; i < g->w; ++i)
         assert(g->clump_for_node[j][i] <= STBCC__NULL_CLUMPID);
}


static void stbcc__add_clump_connection(stbcc_grid *g, int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2)
{
   stbcc__cluster *cluster;
   stbcc__clump *clump;

   int cx1 = STBCC__CLUSTER_X_FOR_COORD_X(x1);
   int cy1 = STBCC__CLUSTER_Y_FOR_COORD_Y(y1);
   int cx2 = STBCC__CLUSTER_X_FOR_COORD_X(x2);
   int cy2 = STBCC__CLUSTER_Y_FOR_COORD_Y(y2);

   stbcc__clumpid c1 = g->clump_for_node[y1][x1];
   stbcc__clumpid c2 = g->clump_for_node[y2][x2];

   stbcc__relative_clumpid rc;

   assert(cx1 != cx2 || cy1 != cy2);
   assert(abs(cx1-cx2) + abs(cy1-cy2) == 1);

   // add connection to c2 in c1

   rc.clump_index = c2;
   rc.cluster_dx = x2-x1;
   rc.cluster_dy = y2-y1;

   cluster = &g->cluster[cy1][cx1];
   clump = &cluster->clump[c1];
   assert(clump->num_adjacent <= clump->max_adjacent);
   if (clump->num_adjacent == clump->max_adjacent)
      g->cluster[cy1][cx1].rebuild_adjacency = 1;
   else {
      stbcc__relative_clumpid *adj = &cluster->adjacency_storage[clump->adjacent_clump_list_index];
      assert(clump->num_adjacent < STBCC__MAX_EXITS_PER_CLUMP);
      assert(clump->adjacent_clump_list_index + clump->num_adjacent <= STBCC__CLUSTER_ADJACENCY_COUNT);
      adj[clump->num_adjacent++] = rc;
   }
}

static void stbcc__remove_clump_connection(stbcc_grid *g, int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2)
{
   stbcc__cluster *cluster;
   stbcc__clump *clump;
   stbcc__relative_clumpid *adj;
   int i;

   int cx1 = STBCC__CLUSTER_X_FOR_COORD_X(x1);
   int cy1 = STBCC__CLUSTER_Y_FOR_COORD_Y(y1);
   int cx2 = STBCC__CLUSTER_X_FOR_COORD_X(x2);
   int cy2 = STBCC__CLUSTER_Y_FOR_COORD_Y(y2);

   stbcc__clumpid c1 = g->clump_for_node[y1][x1];
   stbcc__clumpid c2 = g->clump_for_node[y2][x2];

   stbcc__relative_clumpid rc;

   assert(cx1 != cx2 || cy1 != cy2);
   assert(abs(cx1-cx2) + abs(cy1-cy2) == 1);

   // add connection to c2 in c1

   rc.clump_index = c2;
   rc.cluster_dx = x2-x1;
   rc.cluster_dy = y2-y1;

   cluster = &g->cluster[cy1][cx1];
   clump = &cluster->clump[c1];
   adj = &cluster->adjacency_storage[clump->adjacent_clump_list_index];

   for (i=0; i < clump->num_adjacent; ++i)
      if (rc.clump_index == adj[i].clump_index &&
          rc.cluster_dx  == adj[i].cluster_dx  &&
          rc.cluster_dy  == adj[i].cluster_dy) 
         break;

   if (i < clump->num_adjacent)
      adj[i] = adj[--clump->num_adjacent];
   else
      assert(0);
}

static void stbcc__add_connections_to_adjacent_cluster(stbcc_grid *g, int cx, int cy, int dx, int dy)
{
   unsigned char connected[STBCC__MAX_EDGE_CLUMPS_PER_CLUSTER][STBCC__MAX_EDGE_CLUMPS_PER_CLUSTER/8] = { 0 };
   int x = cx * STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_X;
   int y = cy * STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_Y;
   int step_x, step_y=0, i, j, k, n;

   if (cx < 0 || cx >= g->cw || cy < 0 || cy >= g->ch)
      return;

   if (cx+dx < 0 || cx+dx >= g->cw || cy+dy < 0 || cy+dy >= g->ch)
      return;

   if (g->cluster[cy][cx].rebuild_adjacency)
      return;

   assert(abs(dx) + abs(dy) == 1);

   if (dx == 1) {
      i = STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_X-1;
      j = 0;
      step_x = 0;
      step_y = 1;
      n = STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_Y;
   } else if (dx == -1) {
      i = 0;
      j = 0;
      step_x = 0;
      step_y = 1;  
      n = STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_Y;
   } else if (dy == -1) {
      i = 0;
      j = 0;
      step_x = 1;
      step_y = 0;
      n = STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_X;
   } else if (dy == 1) {
      i = 0;
      j = STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_Y-1;
      step_x = 1;
      step_y = 0;
      n = STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_X;
   } else {
      assert(0);
   }

   for (k=0; k < n; ++k) {
      if (STBCC__MAP_OPEN(g, x+i, y+j) && STBCC__MAP_OPEN(g, x+i+dx, y+j+dy)) {
         stbcc__clumpid src = g->clump_for_node[y+j][x+i];
         stbcc__clumpid dest = g->clump_for_node[y+j+dy][x+i+dx];
         if (0 == (connected[src][dest>>3] & (1 << (dest & 7)))) {
            assert((dest>>3) < sizeof(connected));
            connected[src][dest>>3] |= 1 << (dest & 7);
            stbcc__add_clump_connection(g, x+i, y+j, x+i+dx, y+j+dy);
            if (g->cluster[cy][cx].rebuild_adjacency)
               break;
         }
      }
      i += step_x;
      j += step_y;
   }
}

static void stbcc__remove_connections_to_adjacent_cluster(stbcc_grid *g, int cx, int cy, int dx, int dy)
{
   unsigned char disconnected[STBCC__MAX_EDGE_CLUMPS_PER_CLUSTER][STBCC__MAX_EDGE_CLUMPS_PER_CLUSTER/8] = { 0 };
   int x = cx * STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_X;
   int y = cy * STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_Y;
   int step_x, step_y=0, i, j, k, n;

   if (cx < 0 || cx >= g->cw || cy < 0 || cy >= g->ch)
      return;

   if (cx+dx < 0 || cx+dx >= g->cw || cy+dy < 0 || cy+dy >= g->ch)
      return;

   assert(abs(dx) + abs(dy) == 1);

   if (dx == 1) {
      i = STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_X-1;
      j = 0;
      step_x = 0;
      step_y = 1;
      n = STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_Y;
   } else if (dx == -1) {
      i = 0;
      j = 0;
      step_x = 0;
      step_y = 1;  
      n = STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_Y;
   } else if (dy == -1) {
      i = 0;
      j = 0;
      step_x = 1;
      step_y = 0;
      n = STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_X;
   } else if (dy == 1) {
      i = 0;
      j = STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_Y-1;
      step_x = 1;
      step_y = 0;
      n = STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_X;
   } else {
      assert(0);
   }

   for (k=0; k < n; ++k) {
      if (STBCC__MAP_OPEN(g, x+i, y+j) && STBCC__MAP_OPEN(g, x+i+dx, y+j+dy)) {
         stbcc__clumpid src = g->clump_for_node[y+j][x+i];
         stbcc__clumpid dest = g->clump_for_node[y+j+dy][x+i+dx];
         if (0 == (disconnected[src][dest>>3] & (1 << (dest & 7)))) {
            disconnected[src][dest>>3] |= 1 << (dest & 7);
            stbcc__remove_clump_connection(g, x+i, y+j, x+i+dx, y+j+dy);
         }
      }
      i += step_x;
      j += step_y;
   }
}

static stbcc__tinypoint stbcc__incluster_find(stbcc__cluster_build_info *cbi, int x, int y)
{
   stbcc__tinypoint p,q;
   p = cbi->parent[y][x];
   if (p.x == x && p.y == y)
      return p;
   q = stbcc__incluster_find(cbi, p.x, p.y);
   cbi->parent[y][x] = q;
   return q;
}

static void stbcc__incluster_union(stbcc__cluster_build_info *cbi, int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2)
{
   stbcc__tinypoint p = stbcc__incluster_find(cbi, x1,y1);
   stbcc__tinypoint q = stbcc__incluster_find(cbi, x2,y2);

   if (p.x == q.x && p.y == q.y)
      return;

   cbi->parent[p.y][p.x] = q;
}

static void stbcc__switch_root(stbcc__cluster_build_info *cbi, int x, int y, stbcc__tinypoint p)
{
   cbi->parent[p.y][p.x].x = x;
   cbi->parent[p.y][p.x].y = y;
   cbi->parent[y][x].x = x;
   cbi->parent[y][x].y = y;
}

static void stbcc__build_clumps_for_cluster(stbcc_grid *g, int cx, int cy)
{
   stbcc__cluster *c;
   stbcc__cluster_build_info cbi;
   int label=0;
   int i,j;
   int x = cx * STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_X;
   int y = cy * STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_Y;

   // set initial disjoint set forest state
   for (j=0; j < STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_Y; ++j) {
      for (i=0; i < STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_X; ++i) {
         cbi.parent[j][i].x = i;
         cbi.parent[j][i].y = j;
      }
   }

   // join all sets that are connected
   for (j=0; j < STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_Y; ++j) {
      // check down only if not on bottom row
      if (j < STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_Y-1)
         for (i=0; i < STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_X; ++i)
            if (STBCC__MAP_OPEN(g,x+i,y+j) && STBCC__MAP_OPEN(g,x+i  ,y+j+1))
               stbcc__incluster_union(&cbi, i,j, i,j+1);
      // check right for everything but rightmost column
      for (i=0; i < STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_X-1; ++i)
         if (STBCC__MAP_OPEN(g,x+i,y+j) && STBCC__MAP_OPEN(g,x+i+1,y+j  ))
            stbcc__incluster_union(&cbi, i,j, i+1,j);
   }

   // label all non-empty clumps along edges so that all edge clumps are first
   // in list; this means in degenerate case we can skip traversing non-edge clumps.
   // because in the first pass we only label leaders, we swap the leader to the
   // edge first

   // first put solid labels on all the edges; these will get overwritten if they're open
   for (j=0; j < STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_Y; ++j)
      cbi.label[j][0] = cbi.label[j][STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_X-1] = STBCC__NULL_CLUMPID;
   for (i=0; i < STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_X; ++i)
      cbi.label[0][i] = cbi.label[STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_Y-1][i] = STBCC__NULL_CLUMPID;

   for (j=0; j < STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_Y; ++j) {
      i = 0;
      if (STBCC__MAP_OPEN(g, x+i, y+j)) {
         stbcc__tinypoint p = stbcc__incluster_find(&cbi, i,j);
         if (p.x == i && p.y == j)
            // if this is the leader, give it a label
            cbi.label[j][i] = label++;
         else if (!(p.x == 0 || p.x == STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_X-1 || p.y == 0 || p.y == STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_Y-1)) {
            // if leader is in interior, promote this edge node to leader and label
            stbcc__switch_root(&cbi, i, j, p);
            cbi.label[j][i] = label++;
         }
         // else if leader is on edge, do nothing (it'll get labelled when we reach it)
      }
      i = STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_X-1;
      if (STBCC__MAP_OPEN(g, x+i, y+j)) {
         stbcc__tinypoint p = stbcc__incluster_find(&cbi, i,j);
         if (p.x == i && p.y == j)
            cbi.label[j][i] = label++;
         else if (!(p.x == 0 || p.x == STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_X-1 || p.y == 0 || p.y == STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_Y-1)) {
            stbcc__switch_root(&cbi, i, j, p);
            cbi.label[j][i] = label++;
         }
      }
   }

   for (i=1; i < STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_Y-1; ++i) {
      j = 0;
      if (STBCC__MAP_OPEN(g, x+i, y+j)) {
         stbcc__tinypoint p = stbcc__incluster_find(&cbi, i,j);
         if (p.x == i && p.y == j)
            cbi.label[j][i] = label++;
         else if (!(p.x == 0 || p.x == STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_X-1 || p.y == 0 || p.y == STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_Y-1)) {
            stbcc__switch_root(&cbi, i, j, p);
            cbi.label[j][i] = label++;
         }
      }
      j = STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_Y-1;
      if (STBCC__MAP_OPEN(g, x+i, y+j)) {
         stbcc__tinypoint p = stbcc__incluster_find(&cbi, i,j);
         if (p.x == i && p.y == j)
            cbi.label[j][i] = label++;
         else if (!(p.x == 0 || p.x == STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_X-1 || p.y == 0 || p.y == STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_Y-1)) {
            stbcc__switch_root(&cbi, i, j, p);
            cbi.label[j][i] = label++;
         }
      }
   }

   c = &g->cluster[cy][cx];
   c->num_edge_clumps = label;

   // label any internal clusters
   for (j=1; j < STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_Y-1; ++j) {
      for (i=1; i < STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_X-1; ++i) {
         stbcc__tinypoint p = cbi.parent[j][i];
         if (p.x == i && p.y == j)
            if (STBCC__MAP_OPEN(g,x+i,y+j))
               cbi.label[j][i] = label++;
            else
               cbi.label[j][i] = STBCC__NULL_CLUMPID;
      }
   }

   // label all other nodes
   for (j=0; j < STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_Y; ++j) {
      for (i=0; i < STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_X; ++i) {
         stbcc__tinypoint p = stbcc__incluster_find(&cbi, i,j);
         if (p.x != i || p.y != j) {
            if (STBCC__MAP_OPEN(g,x+i,y+j))
               cbi.label[j][i] = cbi.label[p.y][p.x];
         }
         if (STBCC__MAP_OPEN(g,x+i,y+j))
            assert(cbi.label[j][i] != STBCC__NULL_CLUMPID);
      }
   }

   c->num_clumps = label;

   for (i=0; i < label; ++i) {
      c->clump[i].num_adjacent = 0;
      c->clump[i].max_adjacent = 0;
   }

   for (j=0; j < STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_Y; ++j)
      for (i=0; i < STBCC__CLUSTER_SIZE_X; ++i) {
         g->clump_for_node[y+j][x+i] = cbi.label[j][i]; // @OPTIMIZE: remove cbi.label entirely
         assert(g->clump_for_node[y+j][x+i] <= STBCC__NULL_CLUMPID);
      }

   // set the global label for all interior clumps since they can't have connections,
   // so we don't have to do this on the global pass (brings from O(N) to O(N^0.75))
   for (i=(int) c->num_edge_clumps; i < (int) c->num_clumps; ++i) {
      stbcc__global_clumpid gc;
      gc.f.cluster_x = cx;
      gc.f.cluster_y = cy;
      gc.f.clump_index = i;
      c->clump[i].global_label = gc;
   }

   c->rebuild_adjacency = 1; // flag that it has no valid adjacency data
}

#endif // STB_CONNECTED_COMPONENTS_IMPLEMENTATION
/*
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This software is available under 2 licenses -- choose whichever you prefer.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ALTERNATIVE A - MIT License
Copyright (c) 2017 Sean Barrett
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do 
so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all 
copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR 
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
SOFTWARE.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ALTERNATIVE B - Public Domain (www.unlicense.org)
This is free and unencumbered software released into the public domain.
Anyone is free to copy, modify, publish, use, compile, sell, or distribute this 
software, either in source code form or as a compiled binary, for any purpose, 
commercial or non-commercial, and by any means.
In jurisdictions that recognize copyright laws, the author or authors of this 
software dedicate any and all copyright interest in the software to the public 
domain. We make this dedication for the benefit of the public at large and to 
the detriment of our heirs and successors. We intend this dedication to be an 
overt act of relinquishment in perpetuity of all present and future rights to 
this software under copyright law.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR 
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
AUTHORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN 
ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION 
WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/
